Nationalism and the Unification of Italy and Germany

Questions 1.What was the primary motive for revolution in Eastern Europe? 2.What was the primary motivations for revolution in western Europe? 3.Who were the three groups who opposed Louis Philippe? 4.What was “Bloody June Days”? 5.What country did Cavour turn to for help against the Austrians? 6.Why did Cavour send troops to stop Garibaldi? 7.How did the Franco-Prussian War help the unification of Italy? 8.What was the Zollverein? 9.What did the Prussians use to fight the Austrians? 10.What was the Second Reich?

July Revolution (1830)

“Bloody June Days” (1848)

Nationalism Nationalism: Love of one’s country rather than love of one’s native region Napoleonic Wars brought about the Rise of Nationalism Period controlled by the Concert of Europe – France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria – Formed as a result of the Congress of Vienna – Followed the principle of Conservatism (did not want change) – Made an agreement to put down revolts and stop the growth of Liberalism Belief in individual rights and social reform and the rule of law not the rule of the monarch

Objectives Explain why Germany and Italy wanted to unify Identify and explain the contributions of German and Italian unification leaders Explain the strategies Germany and Italy used to achieve unification including wars, alliances and citing at least two events from each Explain the primary outcome from German and Italian unification: both within Germany and Italy and the broader effect of a rise in nationalism within European nations

Congress of Vienna

Liberal Revolts From s liberals throughout Europe revolted against conservatives – Revolts put down by conservative rulers Helped by Concert of Europe 1821: Greeks win independence from the Ottoman Empire with help of Great Britain, France and Russia

REVOLUTION OF 1848

Revolution of 1848 First wave of uprisings were crushed by Conservative rulers – Revolutions of 1830 France, Belgium, Poland, Italian states revolted Revolution of 1848 – More than 50 separate rebellions swept through Europe in 1848 – Began in France with the overthrow of French King Louis Philippe

Revolution of 1848

France King Louis Philippe attempted to stop a socialist meeting – Socialist want to do away with ownership of property to make everyone more equal – People of Paris rebelled and the king fled to England – Formed the Second Republic – Louis Napoleon elected President (nephew of Napoleon) Will become Emperor Napoleon III

Revolution of 1848 Italian States – Wanted a liberal constitution – Northern Italy controlled by Austria Wanted independence – Nationalist seized Rome and pope got help from France and Austria who crushed the rebellion

Revolution of 1848 Austrian Empire Austrian Empire was multi-national/ethnic but government was mostly German Any nationalist movement would destroy the Austrian Empire Metternich (head of the Congress of Vienna) worked to stop the spread of Nationalism

Austria

Revolution of 1848 French revolution of 1848 inspired revolt in Vienna (Austria) – Metternich fled to England – Spread to other parts of Hapsburgs Empire – Revolt was crushed

Results of the Revolution of 1848 Most of the Revolts failed Concert of Europe disbanded Beginning of unification movement in Germany and Italy

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

Risorgimento Risorgimento (ree- SOR-jee-MEN-toe): Italian word for “resurgence” used as a name for the Italian nationalist movement of the 1800s

Cavour Camillo di Cavour Leads Northern Italian Unification – Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) (1852) – Wanted to unite Italy under control of the King of Sardinia: Victor Emmanuel II

Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont)

Northern Italy

The Unification of Italy Cavour made an agreement with France to help Sardinia fight Austria – Napoleon III: Emperor of France Austria is defeated and Sardinia got control of most of northern Italy Kingdom of Two Sicilies (Southern Italy and Sicily) is taken over by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts – volunteer followers of Giuseppe Garibaldi

Kingdom of Two Sicilies Southern half of the Italian Peninsula, together w/ the island of Sicily, made up the kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Unification of Italy Timeline 1859Austria goes to war against Sardinia- Piedmont (and France) 1860Napoleon III breaks agreement, but Austria cedes Lombardy (Treaty of Villafranca) 1860Plebiscites in Tuscany, Parma, and Modena May 1860Garibaldi and thousand Red Shirts go to Sicily 1861Kingdom of Italy declared (King Victor Emmanuel)

Unification of Italy Timeline Holdouts were Venetia, still belonging to Austria; Papal States, under French troops supporting pope 1866 Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy (Austro-Prussian War) 1870 Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome (Franco-Prussian War) May 1870 Italian troops entered Rome, completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

Nurturing Nationalism – Napoleon nurtured nationalism by uniting German states into confederation Confederation of the Rhine Confederation of the Rhine. German Confederation – 1815, after Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna retained organization, renamed it German Confederation 39 German states including Prussia and controlled by Austria

The Congress of Vienna left the German parts of Europe divided into many tiny countries, surrounded by France, the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire.

The biggest German country was Prussia.

Revolution , revolution swept through Europe German liberals also took opportunity to revolt Differed over whether to support constitutional monarchy or republic Agreed that German unity would promote individual rights, liberal reforms

BISMARCK

The Prussian King was Wilhem I, an ultraconservative who believed in the Divine Right of Kings. King Wilhelm I’s prime minister a conservative noble named Otto Von Bismarck (Becomes Chancellor). Wilhelm I Bismarck

Prussia was famous for its powerful military. Voltaire once said: “Prussia is not a country with an army, but an army with a country!” Bismarck wanted to use this army to unite the German people under Prussian leadership.

Otto von Bismarck Bismarck was more of a Prussian nationalist rather than a German nationalist, – aimed to strengthen Prussia & make sure the people remained loyal to their king and conservative institutions rather than follow the liberals who had begun to dominate the Prussian parliament.

Otto von Bismarck For Bismarck successful politics was not based on ideals or principles or debates or democratically made decisions, but on the effective excercise of power.

Otto von Bismarck Thought power was most important, “End justifies the means.” “Blood & Iron” 1 st movement to build the army “Blood & Iron” – used money that was intended for other purposes. Realpolitik. – This is an example of a policy called Realpolitik.

Blood & Iron Speech The title of a speech by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck given in 1862 about the unification of the German territories. The Prussian Parliament (Landtag) refused to approve an increase in military spending desired by Bismarck “Blood and Iron" speech “Blood and Iron" speech: the title of a speech by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck given in 1862 about the unification of the German territories.

Blood & Iron Speech Few days later, Bismarck appeared before the Landtag's Budget Committee and stressed the need for military preparedness. He concluded his speech with the following statement : "The position of Prussia in Germany will not be determined by its liberalism but by its power... Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it for the favorable moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the treaties of Vienna, our frontiers have been ill-designed for a healthy body politic. Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the great mistake of 1848 and but by iron and blood."

BISMARCK’S WARS

Three War of Unification Bismarck fought three wars to unify the German states under Prussian control 1.Danish War 2.Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) 3.Franco-Prussian War

Danish War Bismarck aligned himself with Austria in 1864 to “liberate” these two largely German provinces from Denmark. Schleswig & Holstein Results: Prussia controlled Schleswig, Austria controlled Holstein

THE AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR 1866

Preparation Bismarck knew he could not win a war with Austria and its allies – Bismarck worked behind scenes Gained assurances of neutrality from France, Russia, and Italy – Promised Venetia to Italy in exchange for support – Persuaded Napoleon III to keep France neutral – Bismarck put Russia in his debt when Prussia supported the Russian suppression of a revolt in Russian Poland in 1863

Provocation Bismarck purposefully increased tensions between the two states over the administration of Shleswig-Holstein, increasing these tensions further when he felt that international circumstances had become suitable. Bismarck sent Prussian troops into Austrian state of Holstein Austria declares war on Prussia

Austro-Prussian War 1866: Austria-Prussian war lasted 7 weeks. Prussia won, which eliminated Austrian control.

The Treaty of Prague & the Results of the Austro-Prussian War The outcome of the Austro-Prussian War was determined in the Treaty of Prague, signed between Prussia and Austria on August 23rd Accordingly: 1) Austria was to give Venetia to Italy 2) Prussia annexed several German states which had backed Austria in the war (incl. Hannover, Hesse, Nassau & Frankfurt) North German Confederation 3) A North German Confederation, dominated by Prussia and headed by the Prussian king was formed 4) Austria promised not to get involved in German affairs 5) Prussia’s (& Bismarck’s) prestige was further enhanced. Greater numbers of Germans now looked to Prussia for leadership and popular support in Prussia shifted from the liberals towards the conservative administration of Bismarck

Unification Several other northern states united with Prussia Only three southern states remained outside Prussian control Bismarck, Wilhelm used victory to rally other German states around Prussia; war first step toward German unification

THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

Unified Germany Despite Austro-Prussian War victory, it would take another war to create unified Germany Southern German states still not included in North German Confederation

A “doctored telegram from Prussian King Wilhelm I and Chancellor Bismarck that led to the Franco- Prussian War Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems for assurance that Leopold’s candidacy would never be renewed. The Kaiser refused politely but firmly. Ems Dispatch

Wilhelm I sent telegram to Bismarck stating the matter had been concluded Bismarck “doctored” the telegram and turned the Kaiser’s refusal into an insult on Napoleon III and published it Results: French public opinion was outraged Napoleon III declared war on Prussia Ems Dispatch (1817: Catalyst for War)

Franco-Prussian War [ ] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Franco-Prussian War Southern states supported Prussia, north German states in war with France In 1871, Bismarck crushed France in the Franco- Prussian War, marching all the way to Paris. Peace treaty declared unification of Germany

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] Ended the Franco-Prussian War France paid a huge indemnity of 5 million francs and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France gave up Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Other Effects of the War The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Republic. The Italians took Rome and made it their capital. The Balance of Power in Europe shifts from France to Germany Germany becomes a major military and economic power in Europe Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War].

Unification of Germany,

Objectives Explain why Germany and Italy wanted to unify Identify and explain the contributions of German and Italian unification leaders Explain the strategies Germany and Italy used to achieve unification including wars, alliances and citing at least two events from each Explain the primary outcome from German and Italian unification: both within Germany and Italy and the broader effect of a rise in nationalism within European nations