Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 37 Immune System Section 1: Infectious Diseases Section 2: The Immune System Section 3: Noninfectious Disorders

37.1 Infectious Diseases Immune System Chapter 37  Pathogens - the cause of infectious disease.  Examples:  Bacteria  Viruses

Vectors Transmission of Pathogens (Don’t copy!) 37.1 Infectious Diseases Chapter 37 Indirect contact through air Indirect contact by objects Direct contact Immune System

Treating and Fighting Diseases  Antibiotic - a substance that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.  Ex. Penicillium 37.1 Infectious Diseases Chapter 37 Immune System

37.2 The Immune System Nonspecific Immunity  defenses that are not aimed at a specific pathogens that prevent and slow the pathogen Chapter 37 Immune System

Skin Barrier (Non-specific response)  First line of defense  Dead skin cells help protect against invasion  Bacteria on the skin digest skin oils to produce acids that inhibit many pathogens The Immune System Chapter 37 Immune System

Chemical Barriers (Non-specific response)  Saliva, tears, and nasal secretions (mucus) contain the enzyme lysozyme.  Lysozyme - breaks down bacterial cell walls, which kills pathogens.  Mucus (in the nose and lungs) acts as a protective barrier 37.2 The Immune System Chapter 37 Immune System

Nonspecific Responses to Invasion  nonspecific immune responses to pathogens that get beyond its barriers.  (A) Cellular defense  (B) Interferon  (C) Inflammatory response (swelling) 37.2 The Immune System Chapter 37 Immune System

A. Cellular Defense  Phagocytosis - phagocytic cells internalize and destroy the foreign microorganisms The Immune System Chapter 37 Immune System

Chapter 37 Immune System

B. Interferons  protein secreted by virus-infected cells  binds to neighboring cells and stimulates these cells to produce antiviral proteins which can prevent the virus from replicating The Immune System Chapter 37 Immune System

C. Inflammatory Response  Increased blood flow to the infected area makes blood vessels more permeable to allow white blood cells to escape into the infected area.  Fever video clip Fever video clip 37.2 The Immune System Chapter 37 Immune System

Specific Immune Response Immune response - Anatomy Video: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaImmune response - Anatomy Video: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

 Lymphatic organs include:  Lymph nodes  Tonsils  Spleen  Thymus gland 37.2 The Immune System Chapter 37 Immune System (Specific Immune Response) Lymphocytes: A variety of white blood cells (WBC) that are produced in bone marrow.

Cells of the Immune System: Macrophages –Function: perform phagocytosis – blood cells that ingest bacteria and remove dead neutrophils and other debris (waste). Lymphocytes (white blood cells) –Function: specific immune response; blood cells that produce antibodies and other chemicals.

Recognition of a pathogen: Antigen (like a flag on the outside of the pathogen that reveals its identity) All cells (eukaryotic and prokaryotic) contain proteins or sugar on their outer membranes which work as markers. All viruses contain a protein coat

Recognition Receptor - Every lymphocyte (WBC) has proteins on the surface of its cell membrane. The receptor proteins recognize and bind to antigens on pathogens that match their shape. –The specificity of the immune system is due to the antigen receptors on them…. (Kind of like an enzyme and substrate!)

2 pathways for the immune response: B-cell (antibody-mediated) T- cell (cytotoxic Tcell-mediated) –Both responses are controlled by helper T cells and are needed to stop the infection!

First step of the immune response: Macrophage (type of WBC) engulfs and destroys the pathogen, then displays the pathogen’s antigen (flag) on the surface of its membrane. (followed by T and B cell responses) video clip

Cytotoxic T Cell Response 1) Helper T cell finds macrophage with a matching antigen. Receptor on helper T cell binds to antigen on macrophage. (this helps the T cell divide) 2) Activated helper T cell presents antigen to cytotoxic T cell (activating it and causing it to divide). 3) Cytotoxic T cells attack infected cells !

Antibody- Mediated (B cell) Response 1) Activated helper T cells bind to B-cells which activates B cells to divide (mitosis). 2) The daughter B cells continue to divide and produce antibodies (kills pathogen!!!)  Antibodies attach to antigens of pathogens to inactivate them or trigger the destruction by nonspecific defenses. 3) Some B cells remain as memory cells 4) Suppressor T cells stop/suppress the immune response after the pathogen has been cleared from the body.

Overview of specific response: video clip

Chapter 37 Immune System

Active Immunity  occurs after the immune system is exposed to disease, antigens and memory cells are produced.  Immunizations - the deliberate exposure of the body to an antigen so a primary response and immune memory cells will develop The Immune System Chapter 37 Immune System

 Occurs faster  overall response is greater  overall memory lasts longer 37.2 The Immune System Chapter 37  secondary response (second exposure to pathogen) Immune System

HIV, AIDS Immune System Failure  affect the immune system’s effectiveness.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)  HIV infects mainly helper T cells.  The helper T cells become HIV factories, producing new viruses.  The number of helper T cells in an infected person decreases The Immune System Chapter 37 Immune System

37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Genetic Disorders  Diseases caused by the inheritance of genes that do not function properly in the body  Albinism  Sickle cell anemia  Huntington disease  Hemophilia Chapter 37 Immune System

 Degenerative diseases - the result of a part of the body wearing out sooner than would be expected in a person’s lifetime.  Arthritis  Arteriosclerosis 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Chapter 37 Immune System

 Metabolic disease results from an error in a biochemical pathway.  Type I diabetes Cancer  Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth Noninfectious Disorders Chapter 37 Immune System

Inflammatory Diseases  Inflammatory diseases are diseases in which the body produces an inflammatory response to a common substance Noninfectious Disorders Chapter 37 Immune System

Allergies  Plant pollens  Dust  Dust mites  Various foods 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Chapter 37 Immune System

37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Chapter 37 Immune System

Chapter 37 Immune System

Autoimmunity  Form antibodies to their own proteins, which injures their cells  Rheumatoid arthritis  Rheumatic fever  Lupus 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Chapter 37 Virtual Pathology Immune System

Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter 37 Immune System

1.A 2.B CDQ 1 All bacteria and viruses cause disease. A. True B. False Chapter 37 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Immune System

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 2 Chapter 37 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Immune System What do Koch’s postulates prove? A. anthrax is harmful to humans B. a specific pathogen causes a specific disease C. pathogens can be grown in the lab D. all bacteria are pathogens

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 3 Chapter 37 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Immune System West Nile Virus is an example of a disease which is spread by _______. A. direct contact B. indirect contact by objects C. indirect contact through the air D. vectors

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 1 Chapter 37 Immune System Which help keep pathogens from thriving and multiplying on your skin? A. bacteria B. histamines C. natural antibiotics D. red blood cells 37.1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 2 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.1 Formative Questions What is a disease reservoir? A. the source of a pathogen B. the organ the pathogen infects C. the medium that transmits the pathogen D. the set of symptoms caused by the pathogen

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 3 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.1 Formative Questions What are the most common vectors that transmit diseases? A. arthropods B. mammals C. chemical toxins D. tiny mucus droplets

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 4 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.1 Formative Questions What is the source of most antibiotics? A. bacteria B. fungi C. protists D. plants

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 5 Chapter 37 Immune System Which is true of nonspecific immunity? A. It takes time to develop. B. It involves helper T cells. C. It is the first line of defense. D. It is the most effective immune response Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 6 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.2 Formative Questions Which substance kills pathogens by breaking down bacterial cell walls? A. cytokine B. hydrochloric acid C. interferon D. lysozyme

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 7 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.2 Formative Questions How do neutrophils and macrophages defend the body? A. they ingest bacteria B. they produce antibodies C. they recruit lymphocytes D. they secrete cytotokines

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 8 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.2 Formative Questions Which white blood cells are the antibody factories? A. B cells B. T cells C. cytotoxic T cells D. macrophages

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 9 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.2 Formative Questions What can be injected into a person that will inactivate the venom from a snakebite or scorpion sting? A. antibodies B. cytokines C. lymphocytes D. macrophages

1.A 2.B FQ 10 Chapter 37 Immune System Noninfectious disorders can have both an environmental and a genetic cause. A. True B. False 37.3 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 11 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.3 Formative Questions What is an abnormal inflammatory response to an environmental antigen that is not pathogenic? A. an allergy B. an autoimmunity C. an anaphylactic reaction D. a metabolic response

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 12 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.3 Formative Questions What causes anaphylactic shock? A. a large influx of antibodies B. a massive release of histamine C. an extreme autoimmune reaction D. toxic environmental agents

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 13 Chapter 37 Immune System 37.3 Formative Questions What is the term for the formation of antibodies to the body’s own proteins? A. cancer B. leukemia C. autoimmunity D. antipeptide disorder

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 1 Chapter 37 Immune System Identify the term used to describe a large outbreak of a disease in one area. A. endemic B. epidemic C. pandemic D. systematic Chapter Assessment Questions

Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. Answer: If a bacterium contains a trait that enables it to survive when an antibiotic is present, it will reproduce and pass that same survival trait to its offspring. This will create more bacteria also resistant to that antibiotic. Chapter 37 Chapter Assessment Questions Immune System CAQ 2

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 3 Chapter 37 Immune System Chapter Assessment Questions Which lymphatic organ stores blood and destroys damaged blood cells? A. lymph nodes B. tonsils C. spleen D. thymus

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 1 Chapter 37 Immune System Which provides the strongest evidence that a specific pathogen has been identified as the disease agent? A. Host B also dies of the disease. B. Host B shows similar symptoms as host A. C. Culture B shows characteristics of a known pathogen. D. Culture B shows the same characteristic as Culture A. Standardized Test Practice

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 2 Chapter 37 Immune System How are most viral diseases fought? A. with antibiotics B. with antiviral drugs C. with chemical agents D. by the body’s immune system Standardized Test Practice

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 3 Chapter 37 Immune System What is the most likely reason for bacterial resistance to the antibiotic penicillin? A. The bacteria have been grown in pure culture media. B. The bacteria have weakened the affects of penicillin. C. The human population has doubled in the last 30 years. D. Penicillin has been used to treat bacterial infections since World War II. Standardized Test Practice

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 4 Chapter 37 Immune System Standardized Test Practice What is the main cause of aches and pains associated with the flu? A. The pathogen affects the nervous system. B. The pathogen invades and lives inside cells. C. The pathogen produces chemical toxins. D. The pathogen triggers an immune response.

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 5 Chapter 37 Immune System Standardized Test Practice Which term best describes the function of interferon? A. antigenator B. messenger C. supporter D. virus-killer

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 6 Chapter 37 Immune System Standardized Test Practice What is the purpose of immunization? A. to desensitize the immune system B. to cause memory cells to develop C. to destroy competing pathogens D. to stimulate interferon production

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 7 Chapter 37 Immune System Standardized Test Practice What enables the secondary response to the antigen to be more rapid and stronger than the primary response to the antigen? A. activated T cells B. antihistamines C. memory B cells D. secondary antibodies

Chapter 37 Glencoe Biology Transparencies Immune System

Chapter 37 Image Bank Immune System

infectious disease pathogen Koch’s postulates reservoir endemic disease epidemic pandemic antibiotic Chapter 37 Vocabulary Section 1 Immune System

complement protein interferon lymphocyte antibody B cell helper T cell cytotoxic T cell memory cell immunization Chapter 37 Vocabulary Section 2 Immune System

degenerative disease metabolic disease allergy anaphylactic shock Chapter 37 Vocabulary Section 3 Immune System

Chapter 37  The Complement System The Complement System  Visualizing Specific Immune Responses Visualizing Specific Immune Responses Animation Immune System

Chapter 37 Immune System

Chapter 37 Immune System