NEXT A revolution in ____________ activity changes Europeans’ view of g___________ and ___________. The Period of Enlightenment, Or Age of_________, in Europe

NEXT Two Views on Government The Enlightenment in Europe Reached peak in France _______s New Ways of Thinking Scientific Revolution spurs re-evaluation of other aspects of society - Government -Society Intellectual Life in Paris Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during 1700s City is home to salons— ________________________________ Enlightenment or Age of Reason—an intellectual movement stressing ________, thought and power of ______________________ Continued...

Believe in divine right—idea that ____________________and that the monarch acts as God’s _____________ Absolute monarchs answered only to God, ________________________ Absolute Monarch

Changing Idea – The Right to govern OLD IDEANEW IDEA A monarch’s rule is justified by divine right. ? Hobbes’s Social Contract Hobbes considers people selfish & wicked, favors strong government (People act in own ___________________) to keep order, the best gov’t was Absolute Monarchy Promotes social contract— “Hand over rights” to ____________________________________ “law & order”. Gov’t should impose order and __________________________ Two Views on Government

NEXT Two Views on Government Locke’s ______________________ Philosopher John Locke says government gets _____________________ Stresses that people can learn and improve themselves Have a right to ______________ an unjust government Rights to Life, Liberty & Property Changing Idea – The Right to govern OLD IDEANEW IDEA A monarch’s rule is justified by divine right. A government’s power comes from the consent of the governed. (Modern democracy

The Philosophes Advocate _________ Beliefs of the Philosophes The philosophes are French social critics in the mid-1700s Value: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty Intellectual Life in Paris Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during 1700s City is home to salons— __________________________________

PhilosopheIdeaImpact on US Constitution or European Gov’t LockeGov’t gets power from people, People learn & progress. Natural rights to Life, Liberty and Property MontesquieuSeparation of Powers VoltaireTolerance – freedom of thought and expression. “I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.” VoltaireReligious Freedom BeccariaAbolishment of Torture RousseauSocial Contract-legitimate gov’t comes from consent of governed. Abolish titles of nobility. Question: How do each of these philosophes’ views impact the formation of the United States Constitution and/or European Government?

5 Core Beliefs of Philosophes BeliefsProvide an Example of Each 1. The truth can be found through reason. 2. The natural is also good and reasonable 3. People can find happiness in this life. 4. People and society can improve/progress. 5. People should have the protection of the law. Liberty

NEXT Legacy of the Enlightenment Role of the Philosophes They were not activists, but inspired major revolutions. Challenged these long-held ideas about society : 1. ____________________________ 2. _____________________________________ 3. _______________________________________

NEXT Legacy of the Enlightenment 1. ______________________________ Scientific breakthroughs show human capacity to ____________society and grow in _____________ and _______________________ 2. ___________________________________ New knowledge of the world leads people to ____________ religious ideas Voltaire and others criticize beliefs and practices of Christianity 3. _____________________________________ People place more emphasis on ________________ rights, abilities Reason becomes a central concept for philosophers, rulers

Section 3 The Enlightenment Spreads Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world and profoundly influence the arts and government. NEXT

A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during 1700s City is home to salons—gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas SECTION 3 Diderot’s Encyclopedia Philosophe Denis Diderot publishes Encyclopedia in set of books to which Enlightenment thinkers contribute essays Anger French government, Catholic Church Spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe The Enlightenment Spreads

NEXT New Artistic Styles Neoclassical Style Emerges Pre-Enlightenment art style is baroque—grand, ornate design Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes Changes in Music and Literature Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style -led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots and characters Samuel Richardson’s Pamela considered first true English novel SECTION 3

Baroque Architecture A style in art and architecture developed in Europe from the early 17th to mid-18th century, emphasizing dramatic, often strained effect and typified by bold, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts.

Neoclassical Architecture

Death of Socrates Goya

Hogarth

Jacques Louis David - Napoleon Sir Joshua Reynolds

Hogarth – London Street Scene

NEXT Enlightenment and Monarchy Enlightened Despots Spirit of the Enlightenment prompts rise of enlightened despots: -monarchs who embrace Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule Frederick the Great  Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and justice system Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom Joseph II Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death

NEXT Catherine the Great Catherine the Great—enlightened ruler of Russia, 1762–1796 Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs continued Enlightenment and Monarchy SECTION 3 Catherine Expands Russia In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully expands Russian empire Gains port access for Russia by seizing northern coast of Black Sea Seizes large parts of Poland, increasing empire’s size

Peter the Great of Russia -One of Russia’s Greatest reformers -Visits Western Europe -Westernization – reforming Russia militarily and commercially modeling Europe -Establishes St. Petersburg -Introduced newspapers, western diet, educating women, opening schools of navigation, arts and sciences

Questions: 1.Contrast how people in the Middle Ages and People in the scientific revolution looked at the physical world. 2.How is the Scientific Revolution connected to the Enlightenment? 3.What were three major ideas of the Enlightenment? 4.What factors led to the spread of the Enlightenment?

NEXT A Revolutionary Model of the Universe SECTION 1 The Heliocentric Theory Widely accepted geocentric theory challenged as inaccurate Copernicus develops heliocentric theory—planets revolve around sun Later scientists mathematically prove Copernicus to be correct Galileo’s Discoveries Italian scientist Galileo Galilei makes key advances in astronomy -makes discovery about planet surfaces, supports heliocentric theory

Scientific Method -4 steps 1.Ask question based on something they have seen 2.Form a Hypothesis, or an attempt to answer the question 3.Test the Hypothesis by making experiments or checking other facts 4.Change the hypothesis if needed

A New Way of Thinking Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking (1300–1600) Scientific Revolution—new way of viewing natural world—based on observation, inquiry New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking Scholars make new developments in astronomy, mathematics

NEXT The Scientific Method SECTION 1 A Logical Approach Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method -series of steps for forming, testing scientific theories Bacon and Descartes Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create scientific method Bacon urges scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions Descartes advocates using logic, math to reason out basic truths

NEXT Newton Explains the Law of Gravity SECTION 1 Newton’s Theories English scientist Isaac Newton develops theory of motion -states same forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, earth Motion in space, earth linked by the law of universal gravitation -holds that every object in universe attracts every other object Newton views universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock

NEXT The Scientific Revolution Spreads SECTION 1 Scientific Instruments Scientists develop microscope, barometer, thermometer New instruments lead to better observations, new discoveries Medicine and the Human Body Andreas Vesalius improves knowledge of anatomy Edward Jenner produces world’s first vaccination— for smallpox Discoveries in Chemistry Robert Boyle argues that matter is made of many different particles Boyle’s law reveals interaction of volume, temperature, gas pressure