CHAPTER 8: NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS SWEEP THE WEST ( ) Mrs. Stoffl

8.1 LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE Mrs. Stoffl

Setting the Stage  The successful American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Enlightenment changed peoples ideas about who should control the gov’t  Countries in Latin America were ruled by European countries who colonized them  Most ppl living in these countries resented the domination of their colonial power  they were ready to take these ideals into effect

Objectives  Understand Latin America’s move towards independence  Analyze the impact of Nationalism on the drive for independence in Latin America  Determine the causes and effects of the early 1800s independence movements in Latin America

Colonial Society Divided In Latin America a person’s class determined their place in society and their jobs  Peninsulares: those at the top of society  People who were born in Spain and lived in the colony (a small % of the population)  They were the only ppl who could hold high gov’t office in the colony  Creoles: below the peninsulares in rank  Spaniards that were born in Latin America  Could not hold high level political office  Could rise as officers in Spanish colonial armies  Peninsulares and Creoles controlled the land, wealth, + power in the Spanish colonies

Colonial Society Divided  Mestizos:  Below the creoles  Persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry  Mulattos:  Below the mestizos  Persons of mixed European and African ancestry  Enslaved Africans and Indians:  Lowest on the social ladder

Revolutions in the Americas  By the late 1700s: colonists in Latin America were encouraged by the news of the American and French Revolutions  They were already aware of the Enlightenment ideas and these revolutions made them more eager  Wanted freedom from their European mother countries   Start at 2 minutes

Revolution in Haiti  Saint Domingue (Haiti) was the first Latin American territory to break from European rule (French)  500,000 enslaved Africans worked on the island, greatly outnumbering their white masters  August 1791: During the French Rev, 100,000 of the slaves rose up against their French masters  Revolt led by Toussant L’Ouverture  became a skilled general and leader  By 1801 he gained control of the island and freed the slaves

Revolution in Haiti  January 1802: 30,000 French troops (sent by NB) land in Haiti to remove Toussant L’Overture (T.O.) from power  May 1802 – T.O. agrees to end the revolution if the French agree to formally end slavery  An agreement was reached but shortly after the French accused T.O. of planning another uprising ∴ they captured T.O. and sent him to prison

Haiti’s Independence  T.O.’s lieutenant Jean-Jacques Dessalines took control of the fight  achieved independence from the French by 1804  Remember NB’s troops were victim to much disease and the Haitian troops were very determined!  This is when Dessalines named Saint Domingue, Haiti which means “mountainous land” in Arawak

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Creoles Lead Independence  Creoles were the least oppressed of those who were born in Latin America  but couldn’t hold office  Were very well educated, many young creoles traveled to Europe for their education While there they read about Enlightenment ideas +brought it back w/ them when they returned  When NB conquered Spain in 1808 it triggered revolts in Spanish colonies in Lat. Am.  NB removed Spain’s King Ferdinand VII and replaced him w/ his brother Joseph Creoles in Lat. Am. felt absolutely no allegiance to NB’s bro Joe

Creoles Lead Independence  The creoles remembered Locke’s teaching about the consent of the governed  ∴ when the Spanish king was removed the power moved to the people not NB’s bro Joe  1810 – rebellions broke out in Latin America  Venezuela: led by Simon Bolivar  Argentina: led by Jose de San Martin  Mexico: led by Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Maria Morelos

Bolivar’s Route to Victory Venezuela  1811: Venezuela declared its independence from Spain  but the fight had just begun  Spain defeated Bolivar’s army of revolutionaries numerous times before a turning point in 1819  During this time Bolivar was sent to exile twice  1819: Bolivar took an army of 2,000 thru the Andes were he took the Spanish by surprise + won  Weakened the Spanish army significantly and by 1821, Bolivar and Venezuela won independence

San Martin Leads Southern Liberation Forces  After Bolivar wins independence in Venezuela he keeps marching to Ecuador where he met Jose San Martin.  Worked together to achieve further Lat. Am. independence  1816: Argentina declared itself independent but Spanish forces in Chile + Peru posed a threat  1817: San Martin, like Bolivar, took an army across the Andes, were joined by Peruvian forces, + freed Chile

San Martin Leads Southern Liberation Forces  1822: San Martin and Bolivar meet in Ecuador to finally drive all Spanish forces out of Peru  San Martin agreed to let Bolivar lead both armies (one unified force)  Able to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (1824) in Peru  Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, & Ecuador created a big country, Gran Columbia ∴ Spanish in colonies had won independence

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule  Mexico, the independence mvm’t was led by mestizos and Indians not creoles  Padre Miguel Hidalgo – A priest in the village of Dolores, strongly believed in Enlightenment ideals  September 16, 1810: Hidalgo, rang the bells of his church to gather the peasants of his village  Called for them to start a rebellion against the Spanish

A Cry for Freedom  Grito de Dolores!!  Hidalgo gathered a mestizo army of 80,000 and marched for Mexico City the next day  creoles fear the loss of their land, control and lives  Hidalgo met by the Spanish army + was defeated in 1811  Hidalgo executed but the fight was not over!  The revolutionaries rallied around Padre Jose Maria Morelos.  Led the revolution until 1814 when he was defeated by creole Officer Augstin de Iturbide

Mexico’s Independence  1820: Revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power  Creoles in the Spanish colonies feared the loss of their privileges  ∴ the creoles united to support the Mexican independence mvm’t  Ironically Iturbide led the revolution and declared independence in 1821 Declared himself Emperor over all the previously Spanish controlled Central American colonies  Iturbide was overthrown in now all countries in the region were completely independent 

Brazil’s Royal Liberator  Brazil’s independence achieved w/o violence or bloodshed  1807: NB invaded Spain + Portugal to force them to set up the blockade against the British  During this invasion the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil For 14 years (during NB’s reign) they ran the Portuguese empire from Brazil  When NB was overthrown the royal family returned to Brazil They planned on keeping Brazil a colony but…  1822: Brazilians signed a petition that asked for Dom Pedro (King of Portugal’s Son) to rule Brazil as an independent country  The king agreed!