Catalyst – Match the following terms  Consumer  Detritivore  Heterotroph  Producer  Herbivore  Autotroph  Carnivore  Eats animals  Produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances  Eats other organisms or organic matter.  Obtains energy by eating other organisms  Eats plants  Eats dead organisms or waste from organisms

Interactions between different populations

Communities  Just as populations contain interacting members of a single species, communities contain interacting populations of many species  Many species have a specific type of interaction with other species

5 Major Types of Interactions Between species  Predation  Competition  Parasitism  MutualismSymbiosis  Commensalism

Predation (+/-)  An individual of one species (predator) eats all or part of an individual of another species (prey).  The relationship between predator and prey influences the size of each population as well as where each of the populations live.

 Predators are heterotrophs that can be carnivores & herbivores.

Predator Adaptations  Predator adaptations include  Acute sense of smell  Flesh cutting teeth  Tongues or teeth suitable for chewing tough vegetation  Camouflage  Poisonous venom

Prey Adaptations  Prey Adaptations Include:  Speed  Resembling an inedible object  Camouflage  Deceptive markings  Bright colors that warn of toxins

Predation  Mimicry – one species closely resembles another species. Predators learn to stay away from certain species that look alike  Bees and wasps  King snake (harmless) & coral snake (venomous)

 Red to yellow, kill a fellow. Red to black, venom lack.  Red and black, friend of Jack; red and yellow kill a fellow.

Catalyst  What does the following picture show? A. Predation B. Producers C. Mimicry D. Competition

Homework  Read Section 1 of chapter 22 “Energy Transfer” and answer the Section 1 Review questions 1-5. Answers must be in complete sentences in order to receive credit.

Competition (-/-)  Competition – interaction in which 2 or more species compete for the same limited resource  Lions and hyenas compete for zebras  Plant species compete for soil or sunlight  One species is often more efficient at getting the resource than the other.  Less resource will be available for the other species.

Symbiosis  A close long-term relationship between two organisms.  3 examples of symbiosis  Parasitism+/-  Mutualism+/+  Commensalism+/0

Parasitism (+/-)  The host is harmed and the parasite benefits.  Does not result in the immediate death of the host  Can live outside of their host (ectoparasites)  Mosquitos  Fleas  Ticks  Can live inside of their host (endoparasites)  Tapeworm  Heart worm

Parasitism Malaria parasite Hook worm Tapeworm

Parasitism  Parasite adaptations  Organs of attachment (hooks, suckers, claws)  Able to absorb nutrients through their skin  Reproduction – produce more gametes  Life cycles are longer  Ways to fool the hosts immune response (molecular mimicry)

Parasitism  Host adaptations  Skin  Tears, saliva, mucus  Immune system white blood cells

Mutualism (+/+)  Two species benefit from each other  Flowers – bees, birds, beetles, butterflies  Shark – pilot fish  Sea anemone – clown fish  Redbilled oxpecker – antelope, rhino, ox, buffalo

Coevolution  Co – Evolution (co adaptations) – the gradual and mutual change in two different species interacting with each other over time.  Flowers, scent, color, petal shape

Invasive Species  An organism that is purposefully or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem and negatively affects the biodiversity by taking over niches of existing species.  Examples (look these up!)  Kudzu  Zebra mussels  Emerald ash borer beetle