History of English Literature 3

Part V 19th English Literature Ⅰ. 19th C Romantic Literature A) Background: French Revolution & Industrial Revolution/Sentimentalism B) Definition: a) As a new trend in literature, romanticism prevailed in England during the period , with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge ’ s “ Lyrical Ballads ” as its beginning, and Sir Walter Scott ’ s death as its end. (A Defence of Poetry and Other Essays, Biographia Literaria) b) Historically speaking, it expressed the ideology and sentiment of the classes who were discontent with and opposed to the development of Capitalism;

c) Thematically emphasizing emotion and showing great interests on nature d) Artistically adopting medieval folk literature characterizing with bold imagination fantastic plots, bright imges,& full of exotic flavor

C) A comparison between Enlightenment literature & Romantic literature En- Ro- rationality emotion man---social animal an individual outer world of social inner world of civilization human spirit

D). Romantic Poetry a) Romantic poets William Wordsworth （威廉 · 华兹华 斯） Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 柯勒律治 ) Robert Southey( 罗伯特 · 骚塞 ) George Gordon Byron( 拜伦） Percy Bysshe Shelley( 雪莱 ) John Keats （约翰 · 济慈）

b) Lake poets/Passive Romanticist ＊ Wordsworth ＊ Coleridge ＊ Robert Southey, ＊ one group also because of their community （ agreement) of literary and social outlook.(nature, ancient time & mysterious tings) ＊ similar experience in residing by the lakeside ＊ beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.

c) Demonic poets/Active Romanticists ＊ George Gordon Byron ＊ Percy Bysshe Shelley ＊ John Keats ＊ Revolutionary ＊ Preaching liberty, equality & fraternity ＊ dreaming of an ideal society

E). Romantic prose a) Magazines and periodicals ＊ Edinburgh Review (founded 1802), ＊ The Quarterly Review (founded 1809), ＊ Blackwood ’ s Magazine (founded 1817), ＊ London Magazine (founded 1820) b) The leading figures of the prose writers ＊ Samuel Taylor Coleridge ＊ William Hazlitt ( ) ＊ Charles Lamb ( ) and ＊ Thomas De Quincey ( )

F) Romantic Novel a) Walter Scott ( ) : the only great romantic novelist in the romantic period. b) The Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. c) Jane Austen : a realistic novelist living in the romantic period.

Assignment: ＊ Be acquainted with Wordsworth ＊ Read some best poems of Wordsworth

William Wordsworth

Lake District in England

Former Residence of Wordsworth

The Summer of Alps

Picturesque Alps

William Wordsworth （ ） Ⅰ. Life: A) Close contact with nature ★ childhood life in Lake District ★ seclusive life in Lake District ★ a series of (walking) tours in the Continent (mountain-climbing of Helvellyn at the age of 70) （他一生踏遍了英格兰、 苏格兰的土地, 漫游了法国、意大利、瑞士和 德国）

B) Tragic life ★ orphaned in early ages ★ deaths of family members & friends in March 1778, his mother died when he was only 8 years old and months later his beloved younger sister followed his mother ’ s suit; toward the ending of five years after his mother ’ s death, his father passed away; in February 1805, his younger brother John, a 33-year-old navy officer, was drowned in a shipwreck and then came the death of the second son, Thomas and his youngest daughter, Catherine in 1812 and his sister-in – law, the hard working copyist of him in 1835; in 1846, the uncle who brought him up ceased to be and one year later his most beloved daughter, Dora, was departed. In the following years he also suffered a lot from the death of some best friends such as the death of Karl Foot in 1795, the death of Walt Scott in 1832 and the death of Samuel T Coleridge and Charles Lamb.

C) Frustration upon French Revolution D) Poet Laureate

Ⅱ. Themes A)Nature Early spring in England

Rainbow

April Morning

Waterfalls

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (Dancing Daffodils)

a) Gazing on nature---The Shortcut to Approach Nature and Comprehend Natural Beauty Sample poem: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o ’ er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company I gazed--and gazed--but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils

★ Detail Appreciation §Introduction to the poet §introduction to the background upon which the poem is written visiting friends---on the way back---daffodils along the bank of a bay---deeply touched---write a poem months later §main idea §analysis

＃ picturesque description of nature △ a three-dimensional picture cloud hills, dales, daffodils & trees lake △ a static picture of mountains & waters

△ a dynamic picture floating---fluttering---dancing---shining- --twinkling---tossing △ an emotional picture dancing in the breeze---twinkle--- tossing---sprightly dance---danced---in glee

＃ thematic study §tender love of nature §rapture upon natural beauty/immediate (lasting) comfort §best illustration of his poetics §a sense of natural-born loneliness

＃ Artistic study △ regular rhyme & meter a quatrain ＋ a couplet: ababcc iambic tetrameter v-v-v-v- △ smooth & mellow notes long vowels and double vowels, plosives, fricatives & affricates in the 3rd & 4th line in the 3rd stanza

△ rhetoric methods similes, inversion, personification, hyperbole & refrain etc

b) Nature----The Media to Approach God Sample poem It is a beauteous evening, calm & free The holy time is quiet as a Nun Breathless with adoration; the broad sun Is sinking down in its tranquility; The gentleness of heaven broods o’er the Sea: Listen! the mighty Being is awake, And doth with his eternal motion make A sound like thunder--everlastingly. Dear Child! dear Girl! that walkest with me here, If thou appear untouched by solemn thought, Thy nature is not therefore less divine: Thou liest in Abraham’s bosom all the year; And worship'st at the Temple's inner God being with thee when we know it not.

V2 ：佳妙的黄昏 佳妙的黄昏，宁静宜人， 神圣的时分，静如修女 屏息膜拜；那脉脉斜晖 身影安详，慢慢西沉； 天空俯视大海，柔情深深， 听，浩瀚的大海，它正醒， 永恒动，波势涛声相竞， 响如雷，天长地久相闻。 好孩子，共我在此徘徊， 虽未为庄严之思所动， 有心香一瓣未减至诚， 长年在亚伯拉罕之怀， 在神殿内堂景仰神明， 全不知天帝已在心中。 V1 那是个美丽的傍晚 那是个美丽的傍晚，安静，清澈， 神圣的时光，静如修女一样， 屏息着在崇奉礼赞：阔大的太阳 正在一片宁谧中逐渐沉落； 苍天的安详慈悲君临着大海； 听啊！那伟大的生命始终清醒， 用他那永恒的律动发出了一阵阵 轰雷一般的声音 —— 千古不改。 跟我同行的孩子呵，亲爱的女孩！ 假如你仿佛还没有接触到圣念， 你的天性不因此而不够崇高； 你整年都躺在亚伯拉罕的胸怀， 你在神庙的内殿里崇拜，礼赞， 上帝在你的身边，我们却不知道。

c) Nature----The Powerful vehicle to evoke the imagination d) Nature----The Moral Tutor of Human Beings Upon any poetic forms/No matter whether they are rocks, fruit trees or flowers/I ’ ll bestow them with moral life (Wordsworth) nature is The anchor of my purest thoughts, the nurse,/ The guide, the guardian of my heart, and soul/Of all my moral being. (Wordsworth)

Best nature poems : The Prelude 《序曲》 I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud or The Daffodils Lines Written in Early Spring （早春抒怀 / 诗行） To the Cuckoo （致布谷） Tintern Abbey （丁登寺旁）

Review 1 、 Gazing on nature---The Shortcut to Approach Nature and Comprehend Natural Beauty 2 、 Nature---The Media to Approach God （ Pantheism idea ） 3 、 Nature----The Powerful vehicle to evoke the Imagination 4 、 Nature----The Moral Tutor of Human Beings

B) Common People

a) Gazing (photographic description) on common people

A Father--for he bore that sacred name;-- Him saw I, sitting in an open square, Upon a corner-stone of that low wall, Wherein were fixed the iron pales that fenced A spacious grass-plot; there, in silence, sate This One Man, with a sickly babe outstretched Upon his knee, whom he had thither brought For sunshine, and to breathe the fresher air. Of those who passed, and me who looked at him, He took no heed; but in his brawny arms (The Artificer was to the elbow bare, And from his work this moment had been stolen) He held the child, and, bending over it, As if he were afraid both of the sun And of the air, which he had come to seek, Eyed the poor babe with love unutterable. (The Prelude, Vol )

＊ Casual long shot( 写意长镜头 ) an open square, spacious grass-plot, sunshine, fresh air ＊ close shot （近镜头） contrast a corner-stone, low wall, iron pales, One Man, sate in silence, a sickly babe outstretched ＊ closeup （特写） Eyed with love unutterable

b) Hearty praising of common people ＊ Lucy Poems Strange Fits of Passion have I Known( 我有 过奇异的心血来潮 ) She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways I Traveled among Unknown Men Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower A Slumber did My Spirit Seal( 一阵昏沉蒙 住了我的心灵 ) ＊ the Solitary Reaper

SHE dwelt among the untrodden ways Beside the springs of Dove, A Maid whom there were none to praise And very few to love: A violet by a mossy stone Half hidden from the eye! --Fair as a star, when only one Is shining in the sky. She lived unknown, and few could know When Lucy ceased to be; But she is in her grave, and, oh, The difference to me! (She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways, 1-12)

African violet Violet by mossy stone

When only one is shining…

c) Sublimity Found in the Life of Common People Sample poem: The Old Cumberland Beggar

Then let him pass, a blessing on his head! And, long as he can wander, let him breathe The freshness of the valleys; let his blood Struggle with frosty air and winter snows; And let the chartered wind that sweeps the heath Beat his grey locks against his withered face. Reverence the hope whose vital anxiousness Gives the last human interest to his heart. May never HOUSE, misnamed of INDUSTRY, Make him a captive!--for that pent-up din, Those life-consuming sounds that clog the air, Be his the natural silence of old age! Let him be free of mountain solitudes;

And have around him, whether heard or not, The pleasant melody of woodland birds. Few are his pleasures: if his eyes have now Been doomed so long to settle upon earth That not without some effort they behold The countenance of the horizontal sun, Find a free entrance to their languid orbs. And let him, “where” and “when” he will, sit down Beneath the trees, or on a grassy bank Of highway side, and with the little birds Share his chance-gathered meal; and, finally, As in the eye of Nature he has lived, So in the eye of Nature let him die! (The Old Cumberland Beggar, )

Beggars(1802) SHE had a tall man ’ s height or more; Her face from summer ’ s noontide heat No bonnet shaded, but she wore A mantle, to her very feet Descending with a graceful flow, And on her head a cap as white as new-fallen snow. Her skin was of Egyptian brown: Haughty, as if her eye had seen Its own light to a distance thrown, She towered, fit person for a Queen To lead those ancient Amazonian files; Or ruling Bandit ’ s wife among the Grecian isles.

Beggars(1802) A pair of little Boys at play, Chasing a crimson butterfly; The taller followed with his hat in hand, Wreathed round with yellow flowers the gayest of the land. The other wore a rimless crown With leaves of laurel stuck about; And, while both followed up and down, Each whooping with a merry shout,

C) Children’s philosophy 1) a natural-burn purity and naiveness

＊公元一世纪基督教出现认为儿童生来有罪，是谓 “ 原罪说 ” ，旧约圣经中说 “ 鞭挞他，从地狱深渊中 救出他的灵魂 ” ＊ 18 世纪的文坛大师塞缪尔 · 约翰生便认为, 儿童乃 非理性生物, 因其不可理喻而微不足道 ＊ Sample poem : We are Seven

: 2)The child is the father of the man

Sample poem: My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the shy: So was it when my life began, So is now I am a man, So be it when I shall grow old Or let me die! The child is the father of the man: And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety (My Heart Leaps Up, 1-9)

3) The pre-existence of soul Sample poem: Intimation of Immortality

Ⅲ. Poetics: A) Preface to Lyrical Ballads, the declaration of English Romanticism B) Key issues of his poetics 1) All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings 2) Poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility 3) The theme is to be situations and incidents chosen from common life 4) Ordinary things are to be presented in an unusual way 5) The language used is to be a selection of language really used by men

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge ---poet & critic Ⅰ.a lover of adventurous/legendary story --- education at Cambridge--- --relationship with Wordsworth---jointly published The Lyrical Ballads---an addict of opium which completely ruined his healthy

Ⅱ.Works: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner （古船舟子） Christabel 《克利斯托贝尔》 Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》 Ⅲ. Literary views (imagination etc. see largely in biographia Literaria ) Ⅳ. Subject matter something mysterious & horror something in ancient time Ⅴ. A prose writer

George Gordon Byron （拜 伦）

Ⅰ.long narrative & dramatic poems: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage （ 恰罗德 · 哈罗德游记） Oriental Tales （东方故事） Manfred （曼弗雷德） Cain （该隐 ) Don Juan （唐璜） Ⅱ.short lyrics : When We Two Parted She Walks in Beauty The Isles of Greece （哀希腊）

She Walks in Beauty She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that ’ s best of dark and bright Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly lightens o ’ er her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling place.

And on that cheek, and o’er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow. But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent!

Ⅲ. Key issues of study ☆ support of national liberation movement ☆ romantic description of exotic scenery (exotic color) ☆ Description of love ☆ successful characterization: Byronic Hero

Byronic Hero

The Byronic hero typically exhibits the following characteristics ： ☆ high level of intelligence and perception ☆ cunning and able to adaptadapt ☆ mysterious, magnetic and charismatic ☆ struggling with integrityintegrity ☆ power of seduction and sexual attraction ☆ social and sexual dominance

☆ emotional conflicts, bipolar tendencies, or moodinessbipolar tendencies moodiness ☆ a distaste for social institutions and norms & disrespect of rank and privilege ☆ being an exile, an outcast, or an outlawexileoutcastoutlaw ☆ "dark" attributes not normally associated with a hero ☆ a troubled past ☆ cynicismcynicism ☆ arrogancearrogance ☆ self-destructive behavior From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Percy Bysshe Shelley

One of the best artists of us all — W. Wordsworth Without exception the best and least selfish man I ever knew — G. G. Byron

Ⅰ. Life( ) 1) Mad Shelley —— a rebellious life ＊ Eton ＊ Oxford ＊ family tyranny ＊ political tyranny 2) Marriage ＊ Harriet Westbrook ＊ Mary Godwin 3) Exiled life: France & Italy 4)Death at 30 in Italy ＊

Ⅱ. Theme 1) Revelutionary spirit ＊ social criticism ＊ preaching for liberty, eqality & fratelity,saying against all kinds of tyranny 2)nature 3)love ＃ perfect worldly love ＃ platonic love

Ⅱ. Major Works 1) Long poems ＊ Queen Mab ＊ The Revolt of Islam 2) Poetic drama ＊ Prometheus Unbound （ Caucasus ） Caucasus ＊ The Cenci

3) Short Lyrics ＊ Ode to the West Wind ＊ Song to the Men of England ＊ To a Skylark ＊ To--- ＊ To Cloud ＊ The Indian Serenade ＊ Love ’ s Philosophy ＊ One Word Is Too Often Profaned ＊ I Fear Thy Kisses ＊ With a Guitar, to Jane

Ⅲ. Ode To The West Wind O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou, Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill (Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air) With living hues and odours plain and hill Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear! 剽悍的西风啊, 你是暮秋的呼吸, 因你无形的存在, 枯叶四处逃窜, 如同魔鬼见到了巫师, 纷纷躲避 ; 那些枯叶, 有黑有白, 有红有黄, 像遭受了瘟疫的群体, 哦, 你呀, 西风, 你让种籽展开翱翔的翅膀, 飞落到黑暗的冬床, 冰冷地躺下, 像一具具尸体深葬于坟墓, 直到 你那蔚蓝色的阳春姐妹凯旋归家, 向睡梦中的大地吹响了她的号角, 催促蓓蕾, 有如驱使吃草的群羊, 让漫山遍野注满生命的芳香色调 ; 剽悍的精灵, 你的身影遍及四方, 哦, 听吧, 你既在毁坏, 又在保藏 !

Thou on whose stream, mid the steep sky's commotion, Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed, Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean, Angels of rain and lightning: there are spread On the blue surface of thine airy surge, Like the bright hair uplifted from the head Of some fierce Maenad, even from the dim verge Of the horizon to the zenith's height, The locks of the approaching storm. Thou dirge Of the dying year, to which this closing night Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre, Vaulted with all thy congregated might Of vapours, from whose solid atmosphere Black rain, and fire, and hail will burst: oh hear! 在你的湍流中, 在高空的骚动中, 纷乱的云块就像飘零飞坠的叶子, 你从天空和海洋相互交错的树丛 抖落出传送雷雨以及闪电的天使 ; 在你的气体波涛的蔚蓝色的表面, 恰似酒神女祭司的头上竖起缕缕 亮闪闪的青丝, 从朦胧的地平线 一直到苍天的顶端, 全都披散着 即将来临的一场暴风骤雨的发卷, 你就是唱给垂死岁月的一曲挽歌, 四合的夜幕, 是巨大墓陵的拱顶, 它建构于由你所集聚而成的气魄, 可是从你坚固的气势中将会喷迸 黑雨、电火以及冰雹 ; 哦, 请听 !

Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed The tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean

Spreading rain & lighting

fierce Maenad

Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams The blue Mediterranean, where he lay, Lull'd by the coil of his crystalline streams, Beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay, And saw in sleep old palaces and towers Quivering within the wave's intenser day, All overgrown with azure moss and flowers So sweet, the sense faints picturing them! Thou For whose path the Atlantic's level powers Cleave themselves into chasms, while far below The sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear The sapless foliage of the ocean, know Thy voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear, And tremble and despoil themselves: oh hear! 你啊, 把蓝色的地中海从夏梦中 唤醒, 它曾被清澈的水催送入眠, 就一直躺在那个地方, 酣睡沉沉, 睡在拜伊海湾的一个石岛的旁边, 在睡梦中看到古老的宫殿和楼台 在烈日之下的海波中轻轻地震颤, 它们全都开满鲜花, 又生满青苔, 散发而出的醉人的芳香难以描述 ! 见到你, 大西洋的水波豁然裂开, 为你让出道路, 而在海底的深处, 枝叶里面没有浆汁的淤泥的丛林 和无数的海花、珊瑚, 一旦听出 你的声音, 一个个顿时胆战心惊, 颤栗着, 像遭了劫掠, 哦, 请听 !

If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear; If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee; A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share The impulse of thy strength, only less free Than thou, O uncontrollable! If even I were as in my boyhood, and could be The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seem'd a vision; I would ne'er have striven As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need. Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! A heavy weight of hours has chain'd and bow'd One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud. 假如我是一片任你吹卷的枯叶 假若我是一朵随你飘飞的云彩, 或是在你威力之下喘息的水波, 分享你强健的搏动, 悠闲自在, 不羁的风啊, 哪怕不及你自由, 或者, 假若我能像童年的时代, 陪伴着你在那天国里任意翱游, 即使比你飞得更快也并非幻想 — — 那么我绝不向你这般苦苦哀求 : 啊, 卷起我吧 ! 如同翻卷波浪、 或像横扫落叶、或像驱赶浮云 ! 我跃进人生的荆棘, 鲜血直淌 ! 岁月的重负缚住了我这颗灵魂, 它太像你了 : 敏捷、高傲、不驯。

Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like wither'd leaves to quicken a new birth! And, by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawaken'd earth The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 拿我当琴吧, 就像那一片树林, 哪怕我周身的叶儿也同样飘落 ! 你以非凡和谐中的狂放的激情 让我和树林都奏出雄浑的秋乐, 悲凉而又甜美。狂暴的精灵哟, 但愿你我迅猛的灵魂能够契合 ! 把我僵死的思想撒向整个宇宙, 像枯叶被驱赶去催促新的生命 ! 而且, 依凭我这首诗中的符咒, 把我的话语传给天下所有的人, 就像从未熄的炉中拨放出火花 ! 让那预言的号角通过我的嘴唇 向昏沉的大地吹奏 ! 哦, 风啊, 如果冬天来了, 春天还会远吗 ?

＊ Theme nature, revolutionary spirit, preaching for liberty, social criticism, regeneration ＊ four tercets and a closing couplet. The rime scheme is aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee. ＊ stanzas of uniform length and arrangement. Here Shelley employed the "terza rima, “

Ⅳ. Shelley ’ s Love Lyrics A) Unsuccessful & miserable love experience ＊ marriage with Harriet Westbrook ＊ marriage with marry Godwin B)Platonic philosophy C) Love Lyrics a) Romantic Portraiting of perfect worldly loves Sample Poem: The Indian Serenade

I arise from dreams of thee In the first sweet sleep of night, The winds are breathing low, And the stars are shining bright I arise from dreams of thee, And a spirit in my feet Hath led me--who knows how? To thy chamber window, Sweet! The wandering airs they faint On the dark, the silent stream-- The champak odors fail Like sweet thoughts in a dream; The nightingale's complaint, It dies upon her heart; As I must on thine, Oh, beloved as thou art!

O lift me from the grass! I die! I faint! I fail! Let thy love in kisses rain On my lips and eyelids pale. My cheek is cold and white, alas! My heart beats loud and fast;-- Oh! press it to thine own again, Where it will break at last.

△ Analysis of the poem ＊ the 1st stanza: circumstancial basis

＊ The 2nd stanza: psychological basis

＊ The 3rd stanza: the outburst of the fervent love

将我从草地上扶起来 我晕眩，我昏厥，我魂断 让你的哀怜用亲吻 落上我的嘴唇和眼睑 我的脸冰冷且灰白 我的心跳的响又急 把它啊！贴紧着你的心 在那里它终于会破裂 啊，请从草地上拥我入怀 我晕眩，我昏厥，神迷意乱 让爱的热吻如雨点般 洒落于我的唇间、眼睑 我的脸冰冷而苍白哟 我的心跳骤如鼓点 再紧拥我入怀哟 让爱的激流满溢于心间 △ A comparison of the Chinese vesion of the 3rd stanza

b) Platonic Love △ Definition ＊ ideal outlook of love ＊ pure spiritual not physical ＊ equality between man & woman ＊ the unicity of love △ Shelley’s views on Platonic love ＊ Love is not only bisexual, also including sympathy, friendship, worship and perfect harmony between human beings ＊ bisexual love is a part of love existed here & there in universe ＊ the unicity of love △ Sample poem: I Fear Thy Kisses Love’s Philosophy

I Fear Thy Kisses I FEAR thy kisses, gentle maiden; Thou needest not fear mine; My spirit is too deeply laden Ever to burthen thine. I fear thy mien, thy tones, thy motion; Thou needest not fear mine; Innocent is the heart's devotion With which I worship thine.

Love ’ s Philosophy The fountains mingle with the river, And the rivers with the ocean; The winds of heaven mix forever, With a sweet emotion; Nothing in the world is single; All things by a law divine In one another's being mingle;-- Why not I with thine?

See, the mountains kiss high heaven, And the waves clasp one another; No sister flower could be forgiven If it disdained its brother; And the sunlight clasps the earth, And the moonbeams kiss the sea; -- What is all this sweet work worth, If thou kiss not me?

汉语译文 出山的泉水与江河汇流, 江河又与海洋相通, 天空里风与风互相渗透, 融洽于甜蜜的深情. 万物遵循同一神圣法则, 在同一精神中会合 ; 世上一切都无独而有偶, 为什么你与我却不能够 ? 看高高的山峰亲吻蓝空, 浪和浪也相抱相拥, 姐妹花朵绝不会被宽容, 如果轻视她的弟兄 ; 灿烂的阳光抚抱着大地, 明丽月华亲吻海波, 一切甜蜜的作为有何价值, 如果, 你不亲吻我 ?

Percy Bysshe Shelley （雪莱） longer poems and lyrical dramas: Queen Mab （麦布女王） Revolt of Islam （伊斯兰的反叛） The Cenci 《钦契一家》 The Masque of Anarchy （暴政的行列） Prometheus Unbound （解放了的普罗米修斯 ) attacks on: governments, priests, marriage, religion, God; expression of his hope for a better world.

In lyrics, like a wanderer, follow a vague, beautiful vision, forever sad & unsatisfied, pursue an ideal, hope for sth. better to come. Ode to the West Wind ( 西风颂） To a Skylark （致云雀） The Cloud （云 ) Ozymandias （奥西曼迭斯） Song to the Men of England （给英国人民的歌） England in 1819

Song to the Men of England 1 Men of England, wherefore plough For the lords who lay ye low? Wherefore weave with toil and care The rich robes your tyrants wear?

2 Wherefore feed, and clothe, and save, From the cradle to the grave, Those ungrateful drones who would Drain your sweat — nay, drink your blood?

4 The seed ye sow, another reaps; The wealth ye find, another keeps; The robes ye weave, another wears; The arms ye forge, another bears.

5 Sow seed — but let no tyrant reap; Find wealth, — let no impostor heap; Weave robes, — let not the idle wear; Forge arms, — in your defence to bear.

John Keats

John Keats( 济慈 ) the most talented of romantic poets, died young, the search of beauty and love in life and art. Works: Endymion( 恩底弥翁） The Eve of St. Agnes （圣爱格尼斯之夜） Hyperion （赫披里昂 )

To Autumn( 秋颂 ) Ode on a Grecian Urn( 希腊古瓮颂 ) Ode to a Nightingale( 夜莺颂 ) Bright Star( 灿烂的星 ) On First Looking into Chapman ’ s Homer ( 初读查普曼译荷马史诗有感 )

On the Grasshopper and Cricket The poetry of earth is never dead: When all the birds are faint with the hot sun, And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run From hedge to hedge about the new- mown mead; That is the Grasshopper ’ s — he takes the lead

In summer luxury, — he has never done With his delights; for when tired out with fun He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.

The poetry of earth is ceasing never: On a lone winter evening, when the frost Has wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills The Cricket ’ s song, in warmth increasing ever, And seems to one in drowsiness half lost, The Grasshopper ’ s among some grassy hills.

2. Romantic Novelists Walter Scott( 瓦尔特 · 司各特 ) Jane Austen( 简 · 奥斯丁 )

Jane Austen( 简 · 奥斯丁 ) : life daughter of a country clergyman two years school education uneventful life, small domestic duties in countryside,writing novels, six novels all together: Works: Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》

Pride and Prejudice( 傲慢与偏见 ) Mansfield Park 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》 Emma 《爱玛） Northanger Abbey 《诺桑觉寺》 Persuasion 《劝诫》

Pride and Prejudice Jane (eldest) Bingley Lizzy/ Elizabeth (second) Darcy Mary (third) Kitty (fourth) Lydia (youngest) Wickham Mrs. Bennet Mr. Bennet Charlotte Lucas Mr. Collins Miss Caroline Bingley

Love pattern 1.falling in love at first sight Jane and Bingley (engaged) Lydia and Wickham (married) 2. The course of true love never runs smooth( 好事多磨 ): Pride encounters Prejudice: Elizabeth (beauty, confidence, intelligence, prejudice) & Darcy (cold, arrogant, proud) (engaged)

3.unconventional love: elopement Lydia and Wickham (married) 4.one's own wishful thinking( 一 厢情愿 ): failure Miss Caroline Bingley to Darcy (failure) Mr. Collins to Elizabeth (failure)

Different kinds of marriage viewpoint 1.marriage of property （基于财产的 或门当户对的） : the Bennet couple :favor of Jane & Bingley and Elizabeth & Darcy, against Lydia and Wickham's marriage 2. love for love's sake: Lydia 3. equality and respect: Elizabeth 4.equality,independence of

women: the author (Jane Austen) Success of the novel: 1.vivid, interesting, detailed, realistic description 2. dramatic effect produced by satirizing and criticizing the folly and hypocrisy ( of Mrs. Bennet, Kitty, Lydia, Darcy) 3. Subtle, vivid, witty, humorous, philosophical dialogue

Elizabeth's speech (frank, intelligent): direct, full of wisdom Mr.Bennet's speech, full of satire. Collins ’ : verbalism （咬文爵字） 4. reflection of the author's protest against the 19th century marriage system and her feminist ideas (independence and rights of equality). 5. love as its theme (romantic)

Features of Austen ’ s novel: 1.narrow range : quiet, prosperous, middle class circle in local surroundings. 2.limited subject matter : marriage, finding a rich husband, problem for the young leisure- class lady of that age, principal themes of 19th-century novel, the predicament of woman.

3. country life: but not natural scenery, interests in human nature; focus on the trivial and petty details of everyday living in their life in her work. 4.talent in character portrayal especially in drawing young girls, 5.omniscient point of view （全知叙事）, 6. autobiography

Why did Jane Austen repeatedly write about love and marriage? Importance to find a husband 1.greater number of women 2.increase of number of bachelor 3.difficulty for girls to get married 4.no work for girls (governess) 5.spinsters ’ reliance on parents 6.burden for family, importance to marry 7.no chance to communicate with men.

8. spinster ’ s bitterness of relying on others. 9.stable marriage: money, position, love. 10.Psychological criticism: old spinster ’ s desire to marry, depression of desire in actual life, dream not realized, put her dream in her literary creation/in her characters.