The Birth of Modern European Thought APEURO – Chapter 24

Romanticism Literary, musical, and artistic movement dominating European culture in Late 18 th Century - 1 st half of 19 th century

“Sturm & Drang” German Movement “Storm & Stress” turned into Romanticism

Romantics Stressed: 1. Emotions- feeling & passion 2. Intuition- imagination 3. Nature- as inspiration 

Romantics Stressed… 4. Nationalism- emphasis change & connection to the past 5. Religion 6. The unique individual 7. The Middle Ages 

“Official” Beginning of Romanticism in Literature 1798 Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge & William Wordsworth “One impulse from a vernal wood May teach you more of man, Of moral evil and of good, Than all the sages can”

Some Romantic Writers… “Loners” who wrote about rejection by society Nature as a source of inspiration Some wrote “Gothic” tales – mysterious, violent weather

Romantic Writers 1.Lord Byron ( ) - Poet Led scandalous lifestyle Wrote narrative poems, “Don Juan” Supporter of Greek independence

Romantic Writers 2. Mary Shelly ( ) Frankenstein Critique of modern man and technology gone awry

Romantic Writers 3. Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe ( ) Faust Sorrows of Young Werther Uses romantic themes of intuition & emotion

Romanticism & Music 1. Ludwig Von Beethoven ( ) Deaf composer Created 9 symphonies One of 1 st composers to reach fame & wealth in his lifetime

Beethoven – 6 th symphony SWf28http:// SWf28 TD34http:// TD34

Romanticism & Music 2. Franz Shubert  Pioneer in composing primarily for the piano Inspired by folksongs 3. Niccolo Paganini Violinist 

Niccolo Paganini Paganini:Paganini: y23Dchttp:// y23Dc Shubert: OcE_w OcE_w

Romantic Art Portrayed scenes of medieval life Idealize rural landscape 1. John Constable’s  Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows

Constable’s Salisbury Cathedral Form the Meadows

Romantic Art 2. J.M.W. Turner Landscapes more mystical Nature’s power

J.M.W. Turner

Romantic Art 3. Eugene Delacroix Portrays political spirit of the time in France Liberty leading the People 

Romantic Architecture “neo-gothic” revival 1. British Houses of Parliament ( )  most famous public building In neo-gothic style

Romantic Architecture 2. Castle of Neuschwanstein  ( ) S. Germany Cost of construction nearly bankrupt Bavarian monarchy

The Birth of Modern Thought 24

THE New Reading Public Literacy Rates Improved after 1860’s due to: 1. Introduction of compulsory Primary education Reading, writing, basic math Teaching became a major area of employment for women.

The New Reading Public By 1900, approximately 85% of population could read in Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany However, high illiteracy rates remained in Eastern European countries

What Were People Reading? Newspapers Books magazines Mail order catalogues Journals Tabloid newspapers

The Birth of Science Fiction Science fiction stories accessible to wide audience Became popular mid 1800’s Captured the imagination of audiences Jules Verne – Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea H.G. Wells – The Time Machine

“SCIENCE” “The model for all human knowledge” The height of human thought “truth”

Aguste Comte French philosopher (sociologist) Developed Positivism- a philosophy of human intellectual development

Example: Why does a rock fall? Ways to answer the question 1. God wills it 2. It is the nature of heavy objects to fall 3. The Law of gravity

Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: 1. Theological stage- nature explained in terms of divinities & spirits Why does the rock fall? God wills it.

Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: 2. Metaphysical Stage: Abstract principles - Reason Why does the rock fall? It is the nature of heavy objects to fall

Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: 3. Positive Stage: Explanations of nature – reliance on observation Why does the rock fall? The Law of gravity can be used to explain this phenomena

Modernism Intellectual movement Effect of modernism in literature, art, psychoanalysis, physics, intellectual life. In literature critical of middle class society & morality

Modernism & Science 1. Charles Darwin 2. Advances in Chemistry: Dmitri Mendeleyev 2. The New Physics: Marie Curie, Max Planck, Albert Einstein

Charles Darwin Two Theories: 1. Survival of the fittest On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection 2. All primates, including humans evolved form common ancestors The Descent of Man hs-and-misconceptions-about- evolution-a-ted-ed-lesson-about- the-subtleties / hs-and-misconceptions-about- evolution-a-ted-ed-lesson-about- the-subtleties /

Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer (British scientist) “Nations, like species, struggle to survive, and the winners are the fittest, while the inferior are eliminated” “us” vs. “them”

Chemistry- Dmitri Mendeleyev 1860’s Russia Scientist Classifies the chemical elements –Periodic Table

Chemistry -Alfred Nobel Swedish Chemist First produced dynamite 1867 Allowed engineers to construct canals, tunnels om/watch?v=uSb- e1bB9F4https:// om/watch?v=uSb- e1bB9F4

Alfred Nobel

Genetics – F. Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk Father of genetics “Laws of inheritance”

Mini Biography Gregor Mendel hPTB5Ehttp:// hPTB5E

Physics- Marie Curie Examines behavior of particles in subatomic world Polish- studies radiation Isolated the element radium in 1910 Works with Her husband Pierre Curie

Marie Curie

Polish? Or polish? 0MODFshttp:// 0MODFs BJvEghttp:// BJvEg

Physics-Max Planck 1900 German Energy of atomic particles was emitted or absorbed in specific units called “quanta” “Quantum Theory” finalized 1925

Physics- Albert Einstein 1905 publishes “The Electro-dynamics of Moving Bodies” E = MC2 ENERGY EQUALS THE MASS TIMES THE SQUARE OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT !

Mini biography – Albert Einstein O-gTs8http:// O-gTs8

Modernism & Social Sciences Psychology, political science, anthropology, criminology, sociology Demonstrate how human behavior resulted from economic, political, and social forces.

Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud Viennese Medical Doctor Original intention: Wished to treat “ nervous disorders”

Freud’s Two Possible Treatments 1. Electrotherapy – he declared this method useless 2. Hypnosis

The Power of the Unconscious Freud becomes convinced That human behavior is controlled by the unconscious

Freud’s Psychoanalysis Develops psychoanalysis – the study of dreams Wrote The Interpretation of Dreams 1900

Freud’s Theory Freud Divided into 3 Parts: 1. “ Id” - source of animal drives, physical appetites, lust for pleasure & avoidance of pain 2.” Ego”- conscious mind. Reason. Prevents primitive side from taking over. 3. “Super Ego” – accumulation of learned morals, customs,, inhibitions.

Freud’s Id, Ego, & Superego O-gTs8http:// O-gTs8

Freud’s Theory *The Ego and Super Ego repress the “id” Important to understand unconscious mind Can help resolve internal conflict & psychoses Ideas disturbing to society!

Modernism & Philosophy Friedrich Nietzsche: German Philosopher ( ) Attacked: Christianity, democracy, nationalism, rationality, science, and progress! Why?

Nietzsche Didn’t want to CHANGE society’s values But to EXPLORE how humans construct characteristics, values, ideologies, traditions.

Nietzsche’s Works Beyond Good & Evil (1886) The Genealogy of Morals (1887) *seeks to find the psychological sources of good & evil

Modernism & Literary Trends Realism- portrays hypocrisy, brutality, dullness of Bourgeois Life 1. Emile Zola – credited with starting movement Wrote 20 novels between Subjects: alcoholism, prostitution, adultery, labor strife

Realism & Literature (examples) 1. Gustav Flaubert – Madame Bovary A woman’s search for love outside marriage 2. Leo Tolstoy- War & Peace 3. Fyodor Dostoesvsli – Crime & Punishment

Modern Art 1.Realism 2. Impressionism 3. Post- Impressionism 4. Expressionism 5. Cubism 6. Photography

1. Realism Mid 19 th century Artistic realism perhaps influenced by photography “romanticism is an escape from reality”

Barbizon School Barbizon, Paris Artists focused on rural peasant life Ex: The Gleaners The Angelus  Both by Jean Francois Millet

The Gleaners, Jean Francois Millet

Gustav Courbet French painter Tries to portray ordinary people realistically Sometimes unflattering! Louis Napoleon once struck Courbet’s painting …

2. Impressionism Artists strive to capture “first impression” Fascinated by light, color Depict modern lifestyle, leisured activities, urban & lower middle classes

Edward Manet ( )  A Bar at the Folies- Bergeres (1870) Primary attention to light & color

Edward Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergeres (1870)

Claude Monet ( ) Light & color outdoors Works often featured water, snow Constructed “portable boat studio” – paint on the Seine river

Claude Monet

Claude Monet Mini Bio NbFewhttp:// NbFew

Camille Pisarro ( ) Focuses on “street scenes” Vibrancy of city life…  Avenue de l’opera

Pierre-August Renoir ( ) Painted social scenes: cafes, concerts, dancehalls

Renoir’s Dancing Couples EPUOkghttp:// EPUOkg

Edgar Degas ( ) Painted café scenes – figures exude isolation Most famous for his depiction of Ballet dancers & other entertainers

Edgar Degas’ Ballerinas QL_KYhttp:// QL_KY

3. Post Impressionism Emphasis on light & color AND structure & form

Paul Cezanne All forms in nature based on the Cone Cylinder Sphere  Still life with Apples

George Seurat “Pointillism”-tiny dots of color side by side

Vincent Van Gogh 1 st significant Dutch painter since 17 th century “art should be an expression of its creator’s feelings”

Van Gogh’s Lost Painting 0PNIohttp:// 0PNIo

Paul Gaugin Inspired by folk art, Medieval stained glass

Edvard Munch Norwegian artist  The Scream (1893) The Dead Mother

Edvard Munch and Oslo Norway X0uc#aid=P6vUgr0u80Ahttp:// X0uc#aid=P6vUgr0u80A

4. Expressionism After WWI – Art Expressed Disillusionment with war Interpretations of suffering, war experience non-sense, disillusionment, satire Futurism- bitter satire Associated with Germany

4. Expressionism

5. Cubism Used geographic planes, abstract images, collage “reality is a construction “ Goal : to present a “non imitative method of presenting the visual world”

Pablo Picasso ( ) Spanish painter

Pablo Picasso uhREhttp:// uhRE

George Braque ( ) French painter

LOONEY Tunes Art K0sw&sns=emhttp:// K0sw&sns=em

Women’s Experience Late 19 th Century- Early 20 th Century Ref. pages:

Women were… Economically dependent of their husbands Had less access to higher education Could not own property

“The Angel in the House” Middle & Upper class women – most important role was to be the family’s moral guardian Only single middle class women worked Opportunities limited to: teaching, nursing, social work

In Great Britain: 1. Divorce: legalized in 1857 Women had to prove husband’s infidelity AND other offenses.

Great Britain: 2. Property: 1882 Married Women’s Property Act Women allowed to retain family property (inheritance)

Great Britain 3. Education: University of London awarded degrees for women starting in1878 Oxford & Cambridge did not award degrees to women until 1920 & 1921!

In France: Women could not a open bank account until Divorce forbidden until 1884 Women Could attend Sorbonne University in 1880, but not earn degree

Husband’s Rights In Europe Could take children away! Could divorce their wives! “double standard”

University of Zurich (Switzerland) 1 st to accept female students 1860’s Offered Doctor of Medicine degree

The Study of Law Was “outlawed” for women until after World War I (1918)! In many European countries…

Elementary Teachers Teachers were trained at “normal schools”, not Universities Teaching Considered a “female” job

Lady Dentist, 1870

New Jobs for Single Women 1. Secretary 2. Telephone operators “Clerical jobs”

Women & Modern Thought Political feminism

Women’s Suffrage Movement in Great Britain 1. Millicent Fawcett ( ) Led National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies

Suffrage Movement 2. Emmeline Pankhurst ( ) Women’s Social & Political Union Used violent tactics! watch?v=JsuTj80zn3ghttps:// watch?v=JsuTj80zn3g

Women Gained Right to Vote 1. In Great Britain: women over thirty in In France: after WWII (1940’s) 3. In Germany: 1919

Women’s Suffrage – Great Britain

New Directions in Feminism Goal: “women are human & rational as men and thus properly subject to equal treatment”

Virginia Woolf “A Room of One’s Own”,1929 Argued that women needed their own “space” Independent income

The “New Woman” Educated, middle class women enjoyed more independent lifestyles by 1920’s Financially independent, wore clothes that celebrated in dependence, participated in sports.