RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL WILT IN TOMATO :OVERVIEW AND SUCCESS IN KERALA Nirmala Devi S *., Sadhan Kumar PG * and Nazeem PA * Professors, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P O India 1

Location N latitudes -- 8°18' and 12°48’ E longitudes --74°52' and 77° % of total area of the country Warm humid tropical climate Mean temp. 24 to 33°C RH > 80% Annual rainfall 3000 mm Soil pH 5.2 to 5.4 2

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Breeding objectives  Resistance to bacterial wilt  Hotset characters  Processing  Resistance to fruit cracking  Resistance to ToLCV 4

Screening in bacterial wilt sick plot Screening in bacterial wilt sick plot Spot planting with the known suscept Pusa Ruby Spot planting with the known suscept Pusa Ruby Ooze test was conducted to confirm the incidence of bacterial wilt Ooze test was conducted to confirm the incidence of bacterial wilt Spot planting Ooze test 5

BT BWR BWR LE BT Mukthi BT BT Pusa Ruby LE BT Screening of tomato genotypes 6

Genotypes BL BL SUN SUN Megha DPLT BRH BRH DPLT BT LE

LE Swarna Lalima Swarna Naveen BL Sakthi Pusa Ruby DPLT DPLT Palam Pride Hawai

GenotypeSource Percent Wilt Incidence Disease Reaction AnaghaKAU5Resistant Hawaii 7998HPKV,Palampur20Resistant MukthiKAU20Resistant SakthiKAU10Resistant TLBRH-9IIHR30Moderately Resistant LE474KAU20Moderately Resistant LE 626KAU5Resistant LE 628KAU100Susceptible LE 633AVRDC20Resistant LE 635AVRDC40Moderately Resistant LE 638AVRDC40Moderately Resistant LE 640AVRDC30Moderately Resistant LE 649AVRDC20Resistant LE 650AVRDC50Moderately Susceptible LE 651AVRDC70Susceptible LE 653AVRDC40Moderately Resistant LE 655AVRDC30Moderately Resistant LE 658AVRDC50Moderately Susceptible Hawaii X Pusa Ruby 100Susceptible 9

Bacterial wilt resistant varieties/genotypes 10

Ralstonia solanacearum Vellanikkara & Kumarakom -- Tomato,brinjal and chilli Race 1 -- biovar III,IIIA and V observed Ambalavayal (High ranges) – Tomato & brinjal Race 3 biovar III Chilli Race 3 biovar IIIA RAPD profiles exhibited great diversity among biovar III and III A Race III were less polymorphic Mathew (2000) & James(2001) 11

Inheritance  Complimentary and hypostatic type of digenic recessive genes for resistance  Recessive genes involved in imparting resistance in LE 415, LE 214, CAV-5 and LE

HybridsBW PDI Plant height Days to flower Days to harvest No.of branch es/pl. No. of fruits per plant Yield per plant Averag e fruit weight Storage life in days Sakthi x LE LE-1-2 x H Mukthi x LE Mukthi x LE

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 Processing 7 LE 626, LE 627, LE 628,LE 629,LE 630,LE 631,LE 632 bwr lines suitable for ketchup/paste making  High temperature fruit set 8 LE 415,Sakthi, LE 214, Mukthi, LE 435, LE 470, CAV-5 and LE

 Fruit cracking (radial & concentric) - 15 LE 296, LE 297, LE 386,LE 387, LE 388, LE 389, LE 391, LE 392, LE 393, LE 397, LE 398, LE 399, LE 400, LE 401and LE

 Primers OPAH 12, OPS16 and OPS 1 showed distinct polymorphism among resistant and susceptible  Distinct band of size 1.5 kb with the OPAH 12 in all the resistant genotypes (Mukthi, Sakthi, LE –66, LE –12 and Hawaii 7998)  Distinct band of size 1.4 kb with primers OPS 1 and OPS16 in resistant ( Sakthi, Mukthi, LE-66) and moderately resistant ( LE-20, LE-1-2) genotypes Molecular characterisation -- RAPD 18

DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF BRINJAL GENOTYPES TO BACTERIAL WILT I year II yearIII yearIV yearVyearVI year VIII year Swetha Haritha HOE BB BWR BWR BB CHES BB CHES BB Composite JC JC DPLB DPLB PPL

KAU Varieties Haritha Surya Swetha Neelima (F 1 hybrid) 20

ANUGRAHA UJWALA 21 Chilli --- Capsicum annuum

Tomato Leaf Curl Virus 22 Type I - Upward curling and cupping Type II - Curling and rolling Paul and Mathew,2014(Pers.commun.) Type III- Curling with purple tint Type IV- Yellowing & Curling

Serological studies of ToLCV with antisera (ICMV, ACMV, SLCMV ) revealed relation with African Cassava Mosaic Virus 23 PCR detection of ToLCV revealed  Four types of symptoms -associated with Begomovirus  Maximum homology with DNA-A component  Different with respect to the coat protein sequences  Type I - upward curling and cupping - Ageratum yellow vein Sri Lanka virus DNA-A  Type II - curling and rolling type- Pepper (chilli) leaf curl Lahore virus DNA-A  Type III & IV - Curling with purple tint and yellowing and curling types similar to already reported ToLCV Kerala isolates

IIHR-2196 H-24 H-86 Hawaii-7998 LE-474 LE-640 Screening for ToLCV resistance Graft inoculation Technique Open Field Whitefly transmission techniqueToLCV resistant lines 24

ToLCV resistant lines IIHR-2195 IIHR-2196 Hawaii

ToLCV resistant lines 26

HybridsBW PDI ToLCV CI Plant height Days to flower Days to harvest Numbe r of branch es/plan t Numbe r of fruits per plant Yield per plant Averag e fruit weight Storage life in days Shakthi x LE LE-1-2 x H Mukthi x LE Mukthi x LE LE-1-2 x LE

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