What do you know about these terms? Discuss! Meter and Rhythm What do you know about these terms? Discuss! Syllable – Stressed/Unstressed beats - Poetic feet - Poetic meter Poetry Boot Camp Day 3

Syllables - complete / u angel English words have clear syllables. We can usually divide words into syllables easily. We can also determine which syllables to emphasize, or “stress” in each word. For example: Angel = AN-gel  (not an-GEL) / u angel Complete = com-PLETE  (not COM-plete) u / - complete

More Syllables poem = PO-em…….(1 stressed + 1 unstressed) poetry = PO-e-try…….(1 stressed + 2 unstressed) relief = re-LIEF……. (1 unstressed + 1 stressed) recommend = re-com-MEND (2 unstressed + 1 stressed) discomfort = dis-COM-fort… (1 unstressed + 1 stressed + 1 unstressed) entertainment = en-ter-TAIN-ment (2 unstressed + 1 stressed + 1 unstressed)

A Helpful Hint… Place your hand under your chin while reading the poem aloud. Your chin will naturally hit your hand on the stressed beats. Darth Vader decided to crush the rebel soldier. Luke will rebel against his father's wishes. How do these sound differently? Darth Vader decided to crush the reBEL soldier. Luke will REbel against his father’s wishes.

Another Helpful Procedure Demon Deacon Basketball Break into the syllables and spell phonetically dee | mun | deek | ahn | bask | it | bahl 2. Say it aloud or think about the sound a few times. Capitalize the syllables that seem to be stressed. DEE | mun | DEEK | ahn | BASK | it | bahl not dee | MUN | deek | AHN | bask | IT | bahl

How do I know what’s stressed and not stressed? Say the word out loud as you naturally would, but listen to which syllables are emphasized. Trial Taxes Upset Retain Badminton Government Pirouette Write down your answers, using capital letters for the syllables that you emphasized.

Is this what you said? TRI-al TAX-es up-SET re-TAIN BAD-min-ton GOV-ern-ment pir-ou-ETTE

Write your name and mark the stressed and unstressed syllables \ u u \ u \ Chris to pher Sa bol cik CHRIS toe fur SAH bull CHICK / u / u Stu art E gan STU art EEE gun

Scansion (1) the act of scanning, or analyzing poetry in terms of its rhythmic components (2) the graphic representation, indicated by marked accents, feet, etc., of the rhythm of a line or lines of verse You may have seen scansion marks like the following: The curved lines are “unstressed” syllables while the straight slashes are “stressed”

With hot intent the flames will soon expire.

Poetic Foot A poetic foot is a repeated sequence of rhythm comprised of two or more stressed and/or unstressed syllables. Poetic meter is comprised of poetic feet

Poetic Meter Meters are the rhythms within poems. Meters are the arrangement of stressed/unstressed syllables to occur at apparently equal intervals. Metered verse has prescribed rules as to the number and placement of syllables used per line.

Five main patterns to poetic feet: 1. Iambic 2. Trochaic 3. Anapestic 4. Dactylic 5. Spondaic

Iambic pattern 1 unstressed syllable followed by 1 stressed syllable EXAMPLES: repose (re-POSE) belief (be-LIEF) complete (com-PLETE) The morns are meeker than they were, The nuts are getting brown

Trochaic Pattern 1 stressed syllable followed by 1 unstressed syllable EXAMPLES: garland (GAR-land) speaking (SPEAK-ing) value (VAL-ue) Come on, baby, light my fire. Try to set the night on fire.

Anapestic pattern 2 unstressed syllables followed by 1 stressed syllable EXAMPLES: on the road interrupt (in-ter-RUPT) unabridged, contradict, engineer, masquerade, Galilee 'Twas the night before Christmas and all through the house,

Dactylic pattern 1 stressed syllable followed by 2 unstressed syllables EXAMPLE: happiness (HAP-pi-ness) galloping (GAL-lop-ing) fortunate, Saturday, daffodil, murmuring, rhapsody This is the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks

Spondaic Pattern All syllables have equal stress EXAMPLE: Heartbreak “Out, out…” "pen-knife," "ad hoc," "heartburn"

Rising and Falling Meters RISING FEET Iambic u / Anapestic u u / Rising to the stressed beat from the unstressed. FALLING FEET Trochaic / u Dactyllic / u u Falling from the stressed to the unstressed.

Some general, non-universal rules that usually apply, but not always Single-syllable nouns are usually accented Multi-syllabic words usually have at least one stressed syllable (even prepositions) Single-syllable articles, conjunctions, and prepositions are usually not accented (“but” or “yet” can go either way) Prefixes are usually not accented

The Iambic foot The iamb = (1 unstressed syllable + 1 stressed syllable) is the most common poetic foot in English verse. iambic foot examples: beHOLD desTROY the SUN (articles such as “the” are usually unstressed syllables) and WATCH (conjunctions such as and are usually unstressed syllables)

Irregularities – PAY ATTENTION TO THEM IAMBIC PENT IAMBIC PENT IAMBIC TRI Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing.

Trochaic poem: a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's “The Song of Hiawatha” By the / shores of / Gitche / Gumee, By the / shining / Big-Sea /-Water, Stood the / wigwam / of No / komis, Daughter / of the / Moon, No / komis. Dark behind it rose the forest, Rose the black and gloomy pine-trees, Rose the firs with cones upon them; Bright before' it beat the water, Beat the clear and sunny water, Beat the shining Big-Sea-Water.

A Limerick by Edward Lear: Anapestic poetry: 2 unstressed syllables + 1 stressed one Limericks contain anapestic meter (in blue) A Limerick by Edward Lear: There was / an Old Man / with a beard, Who said, "It is just / as I feared! Two Owls / and a Hen, Four Larks / and a Wren, Have all / built their nests / in my beard!"

Dactylic poem: 1 stressed + 2 unstressed Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson Half a league, / half a league, Half a league / on ward, All in the / valley of / Death Rode the / six hundred. "Forward, the / Light Brigade! Charge for the / guns!" he said: Into the / valley of / Death NOTICE THE SPONDEE. WHY DOES IT FIT TO PUT THERE?

Spondaic Poem: 2 equal syllables Because of this nature of the spondee, a poem (usually) cannot be solely spondaic. It would be almost impossible to construct a poem entirely of stressed syllables. Therefore, the spondee usually occurs within a poem having another dominant rhythm scheme.

Metrical Feet One Foot = Monometer Two Feet = Dimeter Three Feet = Trimeter Four Feet = Tetrameter Five Feet = Pentameter Six Feet = Hexameter Seven Feet = Heptameter Eight Feet = Octameter

+ Type + Number = Meter Types of Poetic Feet Monometer Iambic (1 unstressed + 1 stressed) Trochaic (1 stressed + 1 unstressed) Anapestic (2 unstressed + 1 stressed) Dactylic (1 stressed + 2 unstressed) Spondaic (all syllables equal) Number of feet per line Monometer Dimeter Trimeter Tetrameter Pentameter Hexameter Heptameter Octometer +

When lines don’t quite add up… Take close note when patterns are broken Are ideas, tones, images shifted, too? Catalectic foot – when there is an incomplete foot on the end of a line. / u / u / u / _?_ Music, when soft voices die, / u / u / u / __?__ Vibrates in the memory— / u / u / u / u Odours, when sweet violets sicken, / u / u / u / u Live within the senses they quicken.

Other Metrical Terms Caesura Enjambement A pause in the meter or rhythm of a line Flood-tide below me! || I see you face to face! Enjambement A run-on line, continuing into the next without a grammatical break Green rustlings, more-than-regal charities Drift coolly from that tower of whispered light

The Process Break down each word in the line into its syllable(s) Mark stressed and unstressed beats. Pay attention to words like “a,” “the,” “in,” etc. that are usually unaccented. Also pay attention to words that are usually accented (single syllable nouns) Spot the pattern of feet. Are there mostly iambs, trochees, dactyls, or anapests? How many feet per line? (monometer, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, etc.) Where are there pattern breaks? How does the effect fit with the content?

2. 3. 4. 1. u / u / u / u / Whose woods these are I think I know His house is in the vil lage though u / u / u / u / He will not see me stop ping here u / u / u / u / To watch his woods fill up with snow What meter does this poem have?

2. 3. 4. 1. u / u / u / u / Whose woods these are I think I know His house is in the vil lage though u / u / u / u / He will not see me stop ping here u / u / u / u / To watch his woods fill up with snow IAMBIC TETRAMETER!

Read pages 734-737

Practice Time Complete a scansion analysis of the poems on the half sheet provided.

SOUND DEVICES – the effects that the sound of a word has when read aloud ALLITERATION—is the repetition of the initial letter or sound in two or more words in a line of verse. Sneaky snakes slide side straddle. ONOMATOPOEIA—is the use of a word to represent or imitate natural sounds (buzz, crunch, gurgle, sizzle, hiss)

More Sound Devices ASSONANCE—is the similarity or repetition of a vowel sound in two or more words. Lake and stake are rhymes; lake and fate are assonance. Base and face are rhymes; base and fate are assonance. CONSONANCE—is the repetition of consonant sounds within a line of verse. Consonance is similar to alliteration except that consonance doesn’t limit the repeated sound to the initial letter or a word. But such a tide as moving seems asleep.

More Sound Devices REFRAIN—is the repetition of one or more phrases or lines at intervals in a poem, usually at the end of a stanza. The refrain often takes the form of a chorus. REPETITION—is the reiterating of a word or phrase within a poem.

End of Presentation

Metrical Feet Once upon a midnight dreary Leaf again, life again Because I could not stop for Death, he kindly stopped for me How do I love thee? Let me count the ways I am called to the front of the room

Metrical Feet Once upon a midnight dreary Leaf again, life again trochaic tetrameter Leaf again, life again dactylic dimeter Because I could not stop for Death, he kindly stopped for me iambic heptameter

Metrical Feet How do I love thee? Let me count the ways iambic pentameter I am called to the front of the room anapestic trimeter