The word "rocket" can mean different things. Most people think of a tall, thin, round vehicle. They think of a rocket that launches into space. "Rocket" can mean a type of engine The word also can mean a vehicle that uses that engine. Week 8 Day 1 What is a Rocket?

rockets burn fuel. most turn the fuel into hot gas. engine pushes the gas out its back gas makes the rocket move forward doesn't need air It carries with it everything it needs works in space, where there is no air. How Does a Rocket Engine Work?

Two Main Types: of Fuel: Some rockets use liquid fuel. The main engines on the space shuttle orbiter use liquid fuel. The Russian Soyuz uses liquid fuels. Other rockets use solid fuels. On the side of the space shuttle are two white solid rocket boosters. They use solid fuels. Fireworks and model rockets also fly using solid fuels. Rockets

First space flight July 1950— -- The Bumper 2—launched from Cape Canaveral, Fla --an ambitious two-stage rocket program that topped a V-2 missile base with a Corporal rocket --reached record altitudes of almost 250 miles --higher than the International Space Station’s orbit ---used for testing rocket systems ---used for research on the upper atmosphere Space Missions

Bumper 2 ---used for testing rocket systems ---used for research on the upper atmosphere ---carried small payloads that allowed them to measure air temperature and cosmic ray impacts Space Missions

Sputnik – The soviet Union rocketed Sputnik into space on October. 4, First artificial satellite any nation sent out of Earth’s orbit Launch only revealed after it was successfully launched Space Missions

Explorer 1 – First U.S. Satellite into space – Launched Jan. 31, 1958 The three men responsible for the success of Explorer 1 – Dr. William H. Pickering—former director of JPL, which built and operated the satellite – Dr. James A. van Allen---from State University of Iowa, designed and built the instrument on Explorer that discovered the radiation belts which circle Earth – Dr. Wernher von Braun---leader of the Army’s Redstone Arsenal team, which built the first stage Redstone rocket that launched Explorer 1 Space Mission

Apollo 11 – July 20, 1969; One Giant Leap For Mankind Astronaut Neil Armstrong steps onto the moon First human to set foot on the surface of the moon Watch NASA Apollo 11 Moonwalk Montage – Week 9 Day 2 Space Missions

Apollo was the NASA program that resulted in American astronauts' making a total of 11 spaceflights and walking on the moon. The first four flights tested the equipment used in the Apollo Program. Six of the other seven flights landed on the moon. The first Apollo flight happened in The first moon landing took place in The last moon landing was in A total of 12 astronauts walked on the moon. The astronauts conducted scientific research there. They studied the lunar surface. They collected moon rocks to bring back to Earth. The Apollo Program

The following missions flew humans during Apollo: Apollo Flight 7 Date: Oct , 1968 Mission: Tested the Command Module Crew: Schirra, Eisele, Cunningham Apollo Flight 8 Date: Dec , 1968 Mission: First to orbit the moon Crew: Borman, Lovell, Anders Apollo Flight 9 Date: March 3-13, 1969 Mission: Tested the Lunar Module Crew: McDivitt, Scott, Schweickart Apollo Missions

Apollo Flight 10 Date: May 18-26, 1969 Mission: Tested the Lunar Module around the moon Crew: Cernan, Young, Stafford Apollo Flight 11 Date: July 16-24, 1969 Mission: First to land on the moon Crew: Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins Apollo Flight 12 Date: Nov , 1969 Mission: Landed on the moon Crew: Conrad, Bean, Gordon Apollo Flight 13 Date: April 11-17, 1970 Mission: Was supposed to land on the moon but had a malfunction Crew: Lovell, Swigert, Haise Apollo Missions

Apollo Flight 13 Date: April 11-17, 1970 Mission: Was supposed to land on the moon but had a malfunction Crew: Lovell, Swigert, Haise Apollo Flight 14 Date: Jan. 31-Feb. 9, 1971 Mission: Landed on the moon Crew: Shepard, Mitchell, Roosa Apollo Flight 15 Date: July 26-Aug. 7, 1971 Mission: Landed on the moon Crew: Scott, Irwin, Worden Apollo Flight 16 Date: April 16-27, 1972 Mission: Landed on the moon Crew: Young, Duke, Mattingly Apollo Flight 17 Date: Dec. 7-19, 1972 Mission: Landed on the moon Crew: Cernan, Schmitt, Evans Apollo Missions

Gemini was an early NASA human spaceflight program. Gemini helped NASA get ready for the Apollo moon landings. Ten crews flew missions on the two-man Gemini spacecraft. The Gemini missions were flown in 1965 and They flew between the Mercury and Apollo programs. The Gemini Program

What Spacecraft Were Used for the Gemini Program? – the Gemini Capsule – was bigger than the Mercury capsule – could hold two people instead of one – could change what orbit it was in. NASA named the Gemini spacecraft and program after the constellation Gemini. – The name is Latin for "twins.” – NASA used this name because the Gemini capsule would carry two people. The Gemini capsule flew on a Titan II rocket. – originally a missile – changes were made so it could carry people – Before the first astronauts flew on it, it launched without a crew so that NASA could test its safety. Gemini

What Happened on the Gemini Missions? – The first flight to carry astronauts was Gemini 3 (also known as Gemini-Titan 3 or GT-3). – That flight tested the new vehicle. – The Gemini 4 mission included the first U.S. spacewalk. – Gemini 5 stayed in orbit for more than a week. – The Gemini 6A and 7 missions were in space at the same time and met each other in orbit. – Gemini 7 stayed in space for two weeks. – Gemini 8 connected with another unmanned spacecraft in orbit. – The Gemini 9 mission tested different ways of flying near another spacecraft. It also included a spacewalk. – Gemini 10 connected with another spacecraft and used its engines to move both vehicles. – The Gemini 11 mission flew higher than any NASA mission before. – The last mission, Gemini 12, solved problems from earlier spacewalks. Gemini

Why Was The Gemini Program Important? – Before Gemini, NASA had limited experience in space. – The Mercury missions had proved astronauts could fly in space. – But before people could land on the moon, NASA had to learn many things. It had to learn what happened when astronauts spent many days in space. It had to learn how astronauts could go outside a spacecraft in a spacesuit. It had to learn how to connect two spacecraft together in space.  Going to the moon would require doing all of these things. Before Gemini, NASA had not done any of them. Gemini proved NASA could do them all. Gemini