The Chemistry of Carbon Organic compounds - compounds created by organisms Organic compounds - compounds created by organisms 4 groups of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, & proteins 4 groups of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, & proteins

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates - compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms Carbohydrates - compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy Ex.) Starches & sugars Ex.) Starches & sugars

Lipids Lipids - made mostly from carbon & hydrogen atoms Lipids - made mostly from carbon & hydrogen atoms They can be used to store energy They can be used to store energy Ex.) fats, oils, waxes Ex.) fats, oils, waxes

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids - molecules that store & transmit genetic information, made up of nucleotides Nucleic acids - molecules that store & transmit genetic information, made up of nucleotides Nucleotide - has 3 parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, & a nitrogenous base Nucleotide - has 3 parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, & a nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids There are 2 kinds of nucleic acids: RNA (ribonucleic acid) & DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) There are 2 kinds of nucleic acids: RNA (ribonucleic acid) & DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA contains the sugar ribose, DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose RNA contains the sugar ribose, DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose

Proteins Proteins - molecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Proteins - molecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids

Proteins Amino acids - compounds with an amino group on one end & a carboxyl group on the other end, there are more than 20 in nature Amino acids - compounds with an amino group on one end & a carboxyl group on the other end, there are more than 20 in nature

Proteins - Proteins help to carry out chemical reactions, transport small molecules in & out of cells, & fight diseases

Chemical Reactions Chemical reaction - process that changes, or transforms, 1 set of chemicals into another Chemical reaction - process that changes, or transforms, 1 set of chemicals into another Reactants - the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction Reactants - the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction Products - elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction Products - elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction Chemical reactions always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds Chemical reactions always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds

Energy in Reactions Energy is released when chemical bonds are broken, & absorbed when chemical bonds are formed Energy is released when chemical bonds are broken, & absorbed when chemical bonds are formed

Energy Changes Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

Energy Changes Organisms need to carry out reactions that require energy in order to stay alive Organisms need to carry out reactions that require energy in order to stay alive Humans release the energy needed to grow, breathe, think, & even dream through chemical reactions Humans release the energy needed to grow, breathe, think, & even dream through chemical reactions Chemical reactions occur when humans metabolize, or break down (digest) food Chemical reactions occur when humans metabolize, or break down (digest) food

Activation Energy Activation energy - the energy needed to get a reaction started Activation energy - the energy needed to get a reaction started

Enzymes Catalyst - a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Catalyst - a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Enzymes - proteins that act as biological catalysts Enzymes - proteins that act as biological catalysts Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells

Enzymes Enzymes are specific, they catalyze only 1 chemical reaction Enzymes are specific, they catalyze only 1 chemical reaction Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react Substrates - the reactants of enzyme- catalyzed reactions Substrates - the reactants of enzyme- catalyzed reactions

The Enzyme-Substrate Complex The enzyme-substrate complex is a site where reactants can be brought together to react The enzyme-substrate complex is a site where reactants can be brought together to react

Regulation of Enzyme Activity Enzymes may be affected by a change in pH, temperature, or a change in shape Enzymes may be affected by a change in pH, temperature, or a change in shape pH & temperature cause enzymes to change their shape, preventing them from fitting together in the enzyme- substrate complex pH & temperature cause enzymes to change their shape, preventing them from fitting together in the enzyme- substrate complex