Head and Spine Injuries Chest and Abdominal Injuries Bone, Joint, and Muscle Injuries Medical Emergencies Rescuing and Moving Victims Chapters 10-12, 14, and 18

Head and Spine Injuries Chapter 10

 Care for scalp wounds  Scalp Wounds

Skull Fracture  Recognizing a skull fracture  Pain at point of injury  Break or deformity  Loss of consciousness  Drainage from ears and nose  Heavy scalp bleeding  Penetrating wound  Care for Skull Fracture  Check _____________ and _____________.  Apply __________ dressing.  Apply _______ around edges of the wound.  __________ head and neck.  Call

Brain Injury  Recognizing brain injury  __________ stare  ______ to answer questions  Unaware of ______ and ______  Slurred speech  Stumbling  Loss of _________________  Headache, dizziness, and nausea  Care for a brain injury  Check responsiveness and breathing.  Stabilize head and neck.  Control bleeding with sterile dressing.  Apply pressure around edges of the wound if there is skull fracture.  Call

 Stabilize the object.   Call Care for Penetrating Eye Injuries

        Care for Eye Avulsion (Eye Knocked Out)

 If _______ is cut, do not apply pressure.  If _______ is cut, apply gentle pressure.  Have victim _______ unaffected eye.  Call Care for Cuts of the Eyelid

Nose Injuries  Nosebleeds  Broken nose  Care for Nosebleeds 

Broken Nose  Recognizing a broken nose  Pain, swelling, crooked  Bleeding and difficulty breathing through nostrils  Black eyes  Care for broken nose  If bleeding, give care as for a nosebleed.  Apply ice pack to nose for 15 minutes.  Do NOT try to ___________ a _______________ nose.  Seek medical care.

Teeth  Knocked out tooth  Place gauze in socket.  Save tooth and seek dental or medical care immediately.  Keep tooth moist.  Saliva, milk, saltwater  Broken Tooth  Rinse the mouth with warm water.  Apply a cold pack to cheek.  Contact a dentist.

 Common causes  Motor vehicle crashes  Direct blows  Falls from heights  Physical assaults  Sports injuries Spinal Injuries

 Recognizing Spinal Injuries   Care for Spinal Injuries  Stabilize head and neck.  Check responsiveness and breathing, and provide care if needed.  If vomiting occurs, carefully roll the victim onto his or her side.  Call

Chest and Abdominal Injuries Chapter 11

Impaled Objects  Recognizing an embedded (impaled) object  Object stuck in chest  Care for impaled objects  Stabilize the object in place.  Call

Sucking Chest Wound  Recognizing a sucking chest wound  Blood bubbling out of chest wound  Sound of air being sucked in and out of chest wound.  Care for Sucking Chest Wound  Seal open wound with plastic or aluminum foil.  Tape on three sides.  If victim has difficulty breathing, remove cover to let air escape, and reapply.  Lay victim on injured side.  Call

Abdominal Wounds  ________ abdominal injuries  Direct blow  ________ abdominal injuries  Penetrating wounds  Impaled objects  Protruding organs  Recognizing a closed abdominal injury  Bruising, pain, tenderness, rigidity  Care of a closed abdominal injury  Place the victim in a comfortable position, often on back with knees bent.  Care for shock.  Call

Protruding Organs  Recognizing a protruding organ  Internal organs escape from wound  Place in a position of comfort, often on back with knees bent.  Cover with a moist, sterile dressing or plastic wrap.  Care for shock.  Call

Bone, Joint, and Muscle Injuries Chapter 12

A. Closed fracture B. Open fracture Bone Injuries

 Recognizing Bone Injuries  Use DOTS  Deformity  Open wounds  Tenderness  Swelling  Care for Bone Injuries  Stabilize injured part to prevent movement.  Hold injured part.  Splint if EMS is going to be delayed or you are transporting victim.  Cover any exposed bones without applying pressure.  Apply ice to prevent swelling.  Call for any open or large bone fractures.

 ____________ a bone or joint injury  Reduces pain  _________ further ________ to muscles, nerves, and blood vessels Splinting

Types of Splints  Rigid splint  Self-splint (anatomic splint)  Soft splint

 Cover open wounds before applying splint.  Splint only if it will not cause further pain.  Splint the injured part in the position found.  Splint should extend beyond joints above and below any extremity injury. General Guidelines for Splinting

 ___________  Torn ligaments  ___________  Bone ends in a joint are no longer together Joint Injuries

 Recognizing Joint Injuries  Pain, swelling, inability to use  Similar to fractures  Main sign of dislocation is deformity.  Care for Joint Injuries   Seek medical care.  RICE PROCEDURE R = RestI = ICE C = CompressionE = Elevation

Muscle Injuries  Recognizing Muscle Injuries  Muscle _________ (pull)  Sharp pain, tenderness, weakness, stiffness  Muscle __________ (bruise)  Pain, tenderness, swelling, bruising  Muscle __________(spasm)  Spasms, pain, restriction, or loss of movement  Care for Muscle Injuries  For muscle strains and contusions   For muscle cramps 

Medical Emergencies Chapter 14

Difficulty Breathing  Causes   Recognizing breathing difficulty  Breathing is abnormally fast or slow.  Breathing is abnormally deep (gasping) or shallow.  Noisy breathing: wheezing, gurgling, crowing, snoring  Bluish lips  Pause when speaking to catch breath  Care  Place in position of comfort.  Call  Assist with asthma inhaler if needed.  If hyperventilating, have victim inhale, hold breath, then exhale slowly.

Seizures  Recognizing Seizures  Sudden falling  Unresponsiveness  Rigid body and back arching  Jerky muscle movement  Care for Seizures 

 Diabetes is ________________________ __________________________________  _______glycemia  Low blood glucose  _______glycemia  High blood glucose Diabetic Emergencies

Low Blood Glucose  Recognizing low blood glucose  Sudden onset  Staggering  Anger  Pale color  Confusion  Sudden hunger  Excessive sweating  Trembling, seizures, unresponsiveness  Care for Low Glucose  Provide sugar.  Sugar, soda, juice, glucose tablets or gel  If no improvement in a few minutes, call

High Blood Glucose  Recognizing high blood glucose  Gradual onset  Drowsiness  Extreme thirst  Frequent urination  Warm and dry skin  Vomiting  Fruity, sweet breath odor  Rapid breathing  Unresponsiveness  Care for High Blood Glucose  If you are unsure whether it is high or low blood glucose, provide same care as you would for low blood glucose.  If condition does not improve in 15 minutes, call

Rescuing and Moving Victims Chapter 18

Water & Ice Rescue  Water  Reach-throw-row-go  Reach for victim.  Throw anything that floats.  Row by using canoe or other boat.  Go by swimming (last resort).  Ice  Extend a pole or throw a line to victim with floatable object.  Pull victim toward shore or edge of ice.

Confined Spaces  Any area not intended for human occupancy  Dangerous atmosphere (low oxygen levels)  Requires special training and equipment to perform rescue.  For confined space emergencies  Call  Only enter if you have proper training and equipment.  Check motionless victims first.  Once victim is removed, provide care.

 Classify into care and transportation priorities.  Triage categories  Triage

 Only move victim if there is ___________ danger.  Fire  Hazardous materials  Impossible to protect from hazards  Impossible to access other victims who need lifesaving care  Protect victim’s _________.  Drag in direction of the _______ axis of the body. Moving Victims

Emergency Moves  Drags  Shoulder drag  Ankle drag  Blanket pull  One-person moves  Human crutch  Cradle carry  Fire fighter’s carry  Pack-strap carry  Piggyback carry  Two-person or three- person moves  Two-person assist  Two-handed seat carry