1. First Aid for the School and the Community Mrs. Delpit Pay close attention to the test questions in RED!

2. SEVERE BLEEDING What are the steps to control external bleeding? 1. Apply direct pressure with a sterile dressing. 2. Cover dressing with roller (pressure) bandage. * femoral – leg Arteries : * brachial – arm 3. If bleeding doesn’t stop: Apply additional dressings and bandages. Care for shock. Wash hands after giving care! GLOVES ARE ON!

3. INTERNAL BLEEDING What are some signs of internal bleeding? Swollen or bruised abdomen Rigid abdomen Rapid, weak pulse Cool or moist skin or looks pale or bluish Vomiting or coughing up blood Excessive thirst Confused, faint, drowsy, or unconscious

4. Care for a Burn Stop the burning Cool the burn with large amounts of cool water. Cover the burn with dry, clean or sterile dressings.

5. Cuts, Scrapes, & Bruises Bruises Cuts Open fracture Scrapes Avulsions Punctures Open wound where the bone has torn through.

6. SPLINTING Splints should be snug but not so tight that it slows circulation What are the different types of splints? * soft – pillow / blanket * anatomic – body part to body part * sling – triangular bandage * rigid – board * the ground.

7. Head, Neck, and Back Injuries When to suspect… - fall from height greater than that of the victim - any fall by an elderly person - diving mishap - find an unconscious person - motor vehicle accident - gun shot wound - broken helmet - lightening strike

8. Head, Neck, and Back Injuries Signals change in consciousness pain or pressure tingling or loss of sensation hands, fingers, feet, toes partial or complete loss of movement of any body part unusual bumps or depressions on head or spine blood or other fluids in the ears of nose external bleeding in these areas seizures impaired breathing or vision nausea or vomiting persistent headache loss of balance bruising of head, eyes, behind ears

9. Head, Neck, and Back Injuries Care For: - Call 911! - Minimize movement *In-line stabilization – partner skill check - p. 138 text - Maintain an open airway - Check consciousness and breathing - Control any external bleeding - Keep victim from getting chilled or over heated

10. SUDDEN ILLNESSES Seizure – Remove nearby objects that may cause injury. Clear area and maintain an open airway. Cushion head. Do not restrain. Diabetic Emergency – (too much or too little sugar) Give conscious victim some type of sugar. Stroke = “brain attack” – THINK FAST! - page 158 text F = FACE A = ARM S = SPEECH T = TIME smile raise both arms simple sentence time to call 911 Caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain.

11. POISONINGS * More than 92% of all poisonings occur in the home. Call the Poison Control Center and follow the advice given. Types of Poisoning - p. 162 text Absorption Inhalation Ingestion Injection

12. HEAT EMERGENCIES Progression Heat Cramps Signs – painful muscle spasms Heat Exhaustion Signs – cool, moist, pale, ashen or flushed skin; headache, nausea, dizziness, weakness, exhaustion. Heat Stroke (most serious) Signs – red skin - dry or moist changes in consciousness, rapid, weak pulse, and rapid shallow breathing

13. HEAT EMERGENCIES CARE Heat Cramps - Move to a cool place - Give cool water - Lightly stretch muscle Heat Exhaustion - Move to a cooler environment - Give small amounts of cool water to drink (if fully conscious) - Loosen or remove clothing – Fan victim Heat Stroke –LIFE THREATENING!!! - Call 911 – Care same as heat exhaustion

14. COLD EMERGENCIES Frostbite - freezing of body parts Care – Get the person to a warm environment and warm area by soaking in warm water. - bandage with dry sterile dressings Do not rub area!

15. Hypothermia - “Entire body cools because its ability to keep warm fails” ***Victim will die if not given care! Signs – shivering, numbness, glassy stare, apathy and loss of consciousness. Care – Remove wet clothing and dry victim Warm gradually and handle gently!!! COLD EMERGENCIES

16. SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS Bee Sting (trouble breathing) -Call 911 immediately and care for the person until help arrives.

17. Asthma and Anaphylaxis Allergic Reaction – analphylactic shock Assist with medication epinephrine “pen” if needed. Administered in side area of thigh. p. 202 text Asthma – airways swell and narrow – triggered by exercise, cold air, allergens – results in difficulty breathing Assist with medication if needed. p. 96 text Analphylaxis and Epinephrine Auto-Injectors

18. Bibliography First Aid/CPR/AED for Schools and the Community, c. 2006, The American National Red Cross, StayWell, Yardley PA.