Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition CHAPTER 1 First Peoples: Populating the Planet To 10,000 B.C. Copyright © 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin’s Robert W. Strayer

Period Music

The Emergence of Civilization

Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist Pf4

4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.  Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.  Australopithecus An Opposable Thumb  An Opposable Thumb

 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa.  found in East Africa. created stone tools.  created stone tools.

Humans during this period found shelter in caves.  Humans during this period found shelter in caves. Cave paintings left behind.  Cave paintings left behind. Purpose?Purpose?

1,6000,000 B.C. – 30,000 B.C. HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )  HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology  Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )  First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE ) BIPEDALISM  BIPEDALISM

200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856)  Neander Valley, Germany (1856) First humans to bury their dead.  First humans to bury their dead. Made clothes from animal skins.  Made clothes from animal skins. Lived in caves and tents.  Lived in caves and tents.

70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age  “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE  10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE Gradual shift from:  Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE  8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.  Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. SLASH-AND-BURN Farming  SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places? NFY

Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers? Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

What is Prehistory? Period of time in which there was no developed form of writing. Most of the events in prehistoric times are cloaked in mystery. For this period of history, historians and anthropologists depend mostly on artifacts and oral tradition. “Once upon a time…”

Anthropologist vs. Archeologist Study the skeletal remains of hominids, or early humans. Study artifacts, which are material objects shaped by human beings

Culture Archaeologists study artifacts in order to piece together an area’s culture. Culture is the beliefs, knowledge, and patterns of living that people develop through living together. It includes language, skills, art, literature, law, and ways of life.

Early Humans Human-like creatures appeared on the Earth millions of years ago. Donald Johanson Australpithecus Lucy was named after the Beatles’ song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”.

The Ice Age Four times within the last 1.7 million years, the Earth has experienced extremely cold periods. Glaciers – large slowly moving masses of snow and ice. Each period has lasted between 50,000 to 110,000 years.

During the last Ice Age, about 1/3 of the Earth was covered in ice.

Effects of the Ice Age Humans and animals migrated to warmer climates. Extinction of some plants and animals. Ice changed the surface of the Earth. Water levels rose.

Neanderthals Lived during the Old Stone Age (35,000 to 130,000 years ago.) Lived in caves, made clothes of animal skins, and used fires. Some historians claim they were the first to cook their meat. Most distinguishing trait is that they buried their dead – even more importantly, with food and weapons.

Cro-Magnons Lived about 35,000 years ago. More advanced weapons – like spear thrower. Cro-Magnons painted artwork of animals and hunting expeditions in caves. This could have been used for teaching or chronicling. Look closer to the common man or woman of today.

The Stone Age Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic) New Stone Age (Neolithic)

The Middle Stone Age Follows the Old Stone Age period. Also known as the Mesolithic period. During this period they: –Tamed the dog –Invented the bow and arrow –Fishhooks –Fish spears –Harpoons –Canoes

The New Stone Age Also known as the Neolithic Age. During this period, people began to shape stone tools by polishing or grinding the rocks. Two important characteristics distinguish this period: –Agriculture –Domestication of cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs. This shift from food gathering to food producing is known as the Neolithic Revolution. –This allowed people to give up their nomadic ways and settle, leading to the creation of civilizations.

The River Valley Civilizations There are four River Valley civilizations you must know: –The Nile River Valley in Africa –The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Southwestern Asia –The Indus River Valley in Southern Asia –The Huang He, or Yellow River, Valley in Eastern Asia

The Characteristics of Civilizations

Çatal Hüyük

1.) A Division of Labor Exists As methods of farming improved, fewer people had to work in the fields. This allowed for specialization. Specialization refers to someone becoming an expert at their craft. Artisans – a class of skilled workers. People could barter to get the items they needed for exchange of the products they specialized in. Leads to efficiency.

2.) People Have Advanced Technical Skills New issues prompt innovation. Farming – farmers needed to water their crops. This lead to the innovation of irrigation. Division of labor.

3.) Cities and Government Exists Because people are settling down and working together, order is necessary to keep the civilization alive and to protect it in the event of war. What were the origins of war at this time? Governments most likely developed over time as a result of cooperation. To work together efficiently, people most likely made rules to govern their behavior and to plan, direct, and regulate their work.

4.) A Form of Writing Exists With life becoming increasingly complex, oral history and verbal instruction were no longer conventional. The development of writing was a long process with many stages: – Pictures represent things (pictograms). – Pictures symbolize ideas. – Pictures stand for sound (phonograms). – Signs represent consonants or vowels (letters).

5.) A Calendar Exists As a civilization develops a history, certain events needed to be recorded. ‒ Times of year when it floods. ‒ When to harvest. ‒ The moon’s phases. The civilizations used a moon based calendar. Why did it become more common to base a calendar on the sun?

Metal Stone Copper Bronze People probably discovered metal by accident. Copper was used for weapons, tools, utensils, and jewelry. Copper and tin were heated and melted together to form an alloy, bronze. The introduction of bronze shifts us from Stone Age to Bronze Age.

Family and Religion Describe the roles within the family. How did roles change over time? What was the role of religion in the lives of early peoples?

Discussion Starter: Would you like living in a Paleolithic society? a. Yes b. No

AdvancedCities SpecializedWorkers ComplexInstitutions Record-Keeping Advanced Technology