An Introduction to the Science of Botany Chapter 1

Bell Ringer Since humans survived on home grown plants for thousands of years, might it be desirable to return to that practice? Since humans survived on home grown plants for thousands of years, might it be desirable to return to that practice? (answer this in a compare/contrast paragraph) (answer this in a compare/contrast paragraph) When finished, start reading Chapter 1 in your Botany textbook. On a sheet of paper, define botany. Search and list the subdisciplines of botany…you will need this for our lecture.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 Briefly describe the field of botany, and give short definitions of at least five subdisciplines of plant biology Briefly describe the field of botany, and give short definitions of at least five subdisciplines of plant biology

Human Population In 2006 the population of the world exceeded 6.5 billion individuals – approximately 82 million more humans than Earth supported in In 2006 the population of the world exceeded 6.5 billion individuals – approximately 82 million more humans than Earth supported in Forecast to increase to 8.9 billion by the year 2050 Forecast to increase to 8.9 billion by the year 2050

Overgrazing in Africa

Highly Developed Countries vs Less Developed Countries HDC – include US, Canada, Japan, and European countries – have low rate of population increase HDC – include US, Canada, Japan, and European countries – have low rate of population increase LDC – include Bangledash, Nigeria, Ethiopia, have high rates of population growth LDC – include Bangledash, Nigeria, Ethiopia, have high rates of population growth Middle – include Mexico, Turkey, Thailand, and most South American countries Middle – include Mexico, Turkey, Thailand, and most South American countries

Which use more natural resources? Highly developed countries. Highly developed countries. Why? And how? Why? And how? Problem with LDC is the rapid increase in people is overwhelming and depletes countries soils, forests, and other natural resources. Problem with LDC is the rapid increase in people is overwhelming and depletes countries soils, forests, and other natural resources.

Decline of Biological Diversity Some well educated do not recognize the seriousness of decline Some well educated do not recognize the seriousness of decline Sustainable environment – one that allows humans (as well as other organisms) to survive without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs Sustainable environment – one that allows humans (as well as other organisms) to survive without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

What do plants do for us? Plants provide: oils, lubricants, perfumes, fragrances, dyes, paper, lumber, waxes, rubber and other elastic latexes, resins, poisons, cork, fibers, and medicines Plants provide: oils, lubricants, perfumes, fragrances, dyes, paper, lumber, waxes, rubber and other elastic latexes, resins, poisons, cork, fibers, and medicines 330,000 different species of plants and vast majority have never been evaluated to determine potential usefulness 330,000 different species of plants and vast majority have never been evaluated to determine potential usefulness

Group Poster Project In your group, define botany and it’s subdisciplines (plant molecular biology, plant cell biology, plant physiology, plant genetics, and plant ecology) based on the definition in the text. In your group, define botany and it’s subdisciplines (plant molecular biology, plant cell biology, plant physiology, plant genetics, and plant ecology) based on the definition in the text. Then, in your own words tell me what it means to you. Then, in your own words tell me what it means to you. Provide examples when needed. Provide examples when needed.

KEY TERMS BOTANY The scientific study of plants; also called plant biology Encompasses the origin, diversity, structure, and internal processes of plants as well as their relationships with other organisms and with the nonliving physical environment Encompasses the origin, diversity, structure, and internal processes of plants as well as their relationships with other organisms and with the nonliving physical environment

Subdiscipline 1 Plant molecular biology Plant molecular biology Structures and functions of important biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids) Structures and functions of important biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids) Plant biochemistry – study of chemical interactions within plants, including chemicals produced Plant biochemistry – study of chemical interactions within plants, including chemicals produced

Subdiscipline 2 Plant cell biology Plant cell biology Structures, functions, and life processes of plant cells Structures, functions, and life processes of plant cells Plant anatomy – microscopic plant structure (cells and tissue) Plant anatomy – microscopic plant structure (cells and tissue) Plant morphology – the structures of plants parts such as leaves, roots, and stems, including their evolution and development Plant morphology – the structures of plants parts such as leaves, roots, and stems, including their evolution and development

Subdiscipline 3 Plant physiology Plant physiology How plants function (photosynthesis, mineral nutrition) How plants function (photosynthesis, mineral nutrition)

Subdiscipline 4 Plant genetics Plant genetics Plant heredity and variation Plant heredity and variation

Subdiscipline 5 Plant ecology Plant ecology Interrelationships among plants, and between plants ands their environment Interrelationships among plants, and between plants ands their environment Plant systematics – the evolutionary relationship among different plant groups Plant systematics – the evolutionary relationship among different plant groups Plant taxonomy – sub discipline of systematics, deals with description, naming, and classification of plants Plant taxonomy – sub discipline of systematics, deals with description, naming, and classification of plants

Other Plant Studies Paleobotany – study of biology and evolution of plants in the geologic past Paleobotany – study of biology and evolution of plants in the geologic past Bryology – study of mosses and similar plants Bryology – study of mosses and similar plants Agronomy – field crops and soils Agronomy – field crops and soils Horticulture – ornamental plants and fruit and vegetable crops Horticulture – ornamental plants and fruit and vegetable crops Forestry – forest conservation and forest products such as lumber Forestry – forest conservation and forest products such as lumber Economic botany – plants with commercial importance Economic botany – plants with commercial importance

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 Summarize and discuss the features of plants and other organisms that distinguish them from nonliving things Summarize and discuss the features of plants and other organisms that distinguish them from nonliving things

Levels of Biological Organization

Characteristics of Living Things 1 1. Organization 1. Organization Plants and other organisms are highly organized with cells as their basic building blocks (cells are smallest unit that can perform all activities associated with life) Plants and other organisms are highly organized with cells as their basic building blocks (cells are smallest unit that can perform all activities associated with life) Atom – smallest particle of an element that possesses the properties of that element Atom – smallest particle of an element that possesses the properties of that element Molecules – atoms combined chemically by forming bonds Molecules – atoms combined chemically by forming bonds Molecules may be organized into macromolecules Molecules may be organized into macromolecules

Characteristics of Living Things Macromolecules associate with one another to form compartments called organelles within the cells. Macromolecules associate with one another to form compartments called organelles within the cells. Organelles associate to form the cell Organelles associate to form the cell Cells organized into tissues, examples of plant tissue include the epidermis, protective tissue Cells organized into tissues, examples of plant tissue include the epidermis, protective tissue Tissues are organized into organs- functional units that perform specific roles – ex. Roots and leaves Tissues are organized into organs- functional units that perform specific roles – ex. Roots and leaves

Characteristics of Living Things Organs working together functioning with great precision make up a multicellular plant. Plants are organisms – distinct, living entities. Organs working together functioning with great precision make up a multicellular plant. Plants are organisms – distinct, living entities. Organisms are arranged into populations – groups or members of the same species that live together in the same area at same time Organisms are arranged into populations – groups or members of the same species that live together in the same area at same time Community – consists of all populations of different organisms that live and interact within an area Community – consists of all populations of different organisms that live and interact within an area Ecosystem – includes all living and nonliving things, communities make up ecosystems. Ecosystem – includes all living and nonliving things, communities make up ecosystems.

BiosphereAtoms Hydrogen Oxygen Molecule Water Macromolecule Chloroplast Organelle Epidermis Tissue Cell Organ Organism Population Community Ecosystem Fig. 1-3, p. 9

Plant Cells

Characteristics of Living Things 1 2. Energy Plants and other organisms take in and use energy Plants and other organisms take in and use energy Energy is required for activities – growth, repair, reproduction, and maintenance Energy is required for activities – growth, repair, reproduction, and maintenance

KEY TERMS PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS Biological process that includes capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water Biological process that includes capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water Energy can be transferred from one organism to another. How? Energy can be transferred from one organism to another. How?

Photosynthesis

Key Terms CELLULAR RESPIRATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular process in which energy of organic molecules is released for biological work Cellular process in which energy of organic molecules is released for biological work

Characteristics of Living Things 2 3. Interaction with environment 3. Interaction with environment Plants respond to stimuli in their environment Plants respond to stimuli in their environment Stimuli includes changes in the direction, color, or luminosity of light; in temperature or in the orientation toward gravity; and in the chemical compostion of the surrounding soil, air, or water Stimuli includes changes in the direction, color, or luminosity of light; in temperature or in the orientation toward gravity; and in the chemical compostion of the surrounding soil, air, or water Roots are example Roots are example Venus fly trap Venus fly trap

Root Growth and Gravity

Response to Stimuli

Venus flytrap These plants and similar plants usually live in soil that is deficient in nitrogen; they capture and eat insects to obtain part of the nitrogen they require These plants and similar plants usually live in soil that is deficient in nitrogen; they capture and eat insects to obtain part of the nitrogen they require

Germination

Growth vs Development Plants undergo growth and development Plants undergo growth and development Growth – an increase in the size and mass of an organism – in plants, growth results from both an increase in number of cells and increase in the size of cells Growth – an increase in the size and mass of an organism – in plants, growth results from both an increase in number of cells and increase in the size of cells Development – growth is part of development – includes all changes in a plant or other organism from the start of its life through its immature stage, through its mature stage, to its death Development – growth is part of development – includes all changes in a plant or other organism from the start of its life through its immature stage, through its mature stage, to its death

Reproduction 4. Reproduction 4. Reproduction Plants form new individuals by asexual or sexual reproduction Plants form new individuals by asexual or sexual reproduction Asexual does not involve the union of gametes (reproductive cells) Asexual does not involve the union of gametes (reproductive cells) Sexual involves the union of gametes that may or may not come from two separate individuals Sexual involves the union of gametes that may or may not come from two separate individuals

Asexual Reproduction

Characteristics of Living Things 3 Characteristics of an organism are encoded in its genes Characteristics of an organism are encoded in its genes 5. Heredity 5. Heredity DNA molecules transmit genetic information from one generation to the next in plants and other organisms DNA molecules transmit genetic information from one generation to the next in plants and other organisms

KEY TERMS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) A nucleic acid present in a cell’s chromosomes that contains genetic information A nucleic acid present in a cell’s chromosomes that contains genetic information

Evolution Evolution Plants and other organisms evolve Plants and other organisms evolve Populations change or adapt to survive in changing environments Populations change or adapt to survive in changing environments Evolution vs Adaptations Evolution vs Adaptations Evolution-process by which organisms adapt to their environment over time, is the genetic change in a population of organisms from generation to generation Evolution-process by which organisms adapt to their environment over time, is the genetic change in a population of organisms from generation to generation Adaptation-characteristics that enable an organism to better survive certain environment Adaptation-characteristics that enable an organism to better survive certain environment

Adaptation

KEY TERMS EVOLUTION EVOLUTION Cumulative genetic changes in a population of organisms from generation to generation Cumulative genetic changes in a population of organisms from generation to generation NATURAL SELECTION NATURAL SELECTION Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin) Mechanism of evolution (Charles Darwin) Tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become parents of next generation Tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become parents of next generation