6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ2 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine system helps to regulation and coordination of body activities. The endocrine system and nervous system work together.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ3 GLANDS Glands are organs specialized for secretion of substances needed by the organisms. Some glands secrete their secretions into some organs by ducts that called EXOCRINE GLANDS. Other glands release their secretion directly into the bloodstream that called ENDOCRINE GLANDS.

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ5 HORMONES The secretion of endocrine glands is called hormone. Hormone is a type of chemical substance which carry information from a part of body to another. Hormones are somtimes called “Chemical messengers”.

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ7 Each type of hormone effects only some specific tissues which are called “target tissue”.

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ9 The processes in the body that are regulated by hormones include: 1.Overall metabolism 2.Maintenance of homeostasis 3.Growth 4.Reproduction

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ10 Types of hormones 1.Protein-Type Hormones consist of chain of amino acids or related compounds. 2.Steroid Hormones are lipid like, carbon ring compounds that are chemically similar to cholesterol and bile.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ11 The rate of hormone secretion varies with the needs of the body. The signals or messages that cause a gland to speed up, slow down or stop. The mechanism the alters the activity of a gland is usually an example of NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ13 Negative feedback has the effect of returning a condition toward its normal value. If the condition decreases below its normal level, negative feedback acts to increase it. If the condition rises above normal, negative feedback acts to decrease it. The secretion of a hormone is controlled by the concentration of another substance in the blood, often another hormone.

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ17 ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN HUMAN The endocrine system consists of HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY GLAND PINEAL GLAND PARATHYROID GLAND PANCREAS

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ18 OVARIES TESTES THYMUS EPIPHYSIS ADRENAL INTESTINAL GASTRIC GLANDS

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ20 HYPOTHALAMUS It controls the pituitary gland and secretes hormones simultaneously. Its functions include; The regulation of body heat an blood pressure The regulation of water in the blood and formation of a regular sleeping pattern.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ21 HORMONES OF HYPOTHALAMUS Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone(GRH or GH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Releasing Hormone (CRH or ACTH) Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH or TSH) Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone GnRH (LH – FSH – LTH – RH)

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ22 PITUITARY GLAND 1.Tropic Hormones 2.Growth Hormone 3.MSH (Melanin Stimulating Hormone) 4.ADH (Antiduretic Hormone) 5.Oxytocin

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ24 Figure 18.6a, b

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ27 TROPIC HORMONES Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): It activates secretion of hormone thyroxine from Thyroid Gland 2. Adrenocorticotropih Hormone (ACTH): It stimulates the adrenal glands directly and causes secretion of the hormones from these regions.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ28 3. Gonadotropic Hormones (LH, FSH, GTH): These hormones stimulate glands in the organs of the reproductive system. 4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Growth and maturation of the egg in the folicle is controlled by this hormone. In the testes, it stimulates the production of sperm.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ29 GROWTH HORMONE A deficiency in this hormone will result in a condition known as DWARFISM. An excess amount of this hormone causes an abnormal increase in the length. This condition is known as GIGANTISM.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ30 MSH (Melanin Stimulating Hormone) It stimulates production of melanocytes MSH determines the color of the skin. ADH(Vasopressin): Its main function is to regulate the water balance of the body by controlling reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ31 OXYTOCIN: This hormone stimulates the smooth muscle fibers of the uterus to contract during labor. It causes contraction of the channel cells of the mammary glands so that milk can be secreted.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ32 Thyroxine is a hormone with a high iodine and peptide content. 3. THYROID GLAND

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ37 Parathormone is produced in this gland. It regulates the amount of calcium and phosphate in the blood. The amount of Ca ++ is necessary for the normal functioning of muscles, heart, skeleton and nerves.

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ40 5. PANCREAS The pancreas contains both endocrine and exocrine glands are known as paracrine glands. Insulin and glucagon are produced by pancreas.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ41 PANCREAS

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ42 Insulin regulates concentration of glucose in blood. Glucose is passed to liver from blood by means of insulin. A lack of insulin is known as diabetes mellitus. Glucose is passed to blood from liver by means of glucagon.

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ45 The human body has two adrenal glands on top of the kidneys. It produce these hormones Aldosterone Testosterone Epinephrine Norepinephrine

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ46 ADRENAL GLAND

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ49 ALDOSTERONE: It effects the reabsorption of Na+ from the kidneys. TESTESTERONE: It is secreted by the testes and only a small amount is secreted by the adrenal cortex.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ50 EPINEPHRINE: It accelerates the rate of heartbeat and causes an increase in glucose concentration and coagulation rate in the blood. NOREPINEPHRINE: It reduce the rate of heartbeat and decrease glucose concentration in the blood.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ51 The main function of the male and female gonads is in the development of the reproductive system. They also function as endocrine glands. LH and FSH hormones stimulate hormone secretion from the ovaries and testes. 7. GONADS

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ52 Estrogen: Estrogen is secreted by ovary. Its action results in thickening of the uterine lining due to an increase in mitotic division. It also effects female secondary sexual characteristics Progesterone: It is secreted by ovary. It effects the development of the mammary glands.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ53 TESTES Testosterone functions with LH and FSH to stimulate the production of sperm. It is involved in growth and maintenance of male sex organs and sexual behavior. Testosterone also effect male secondary sexual characteristics.

6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ54 The thymus is a lymhoid organ. It involves in the immune system during prenatal and postnotol periods by stimulating lyphocyte production by its hormones.

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6/14/2016Mehmet KÖYLÜ56 9. PINEAL GLAND The pineal gland is a pea-sized gland located in the brain, which secretes the hormone melatonin. Therefore, the pineal gland is thought to be involved in establishing daily biorhythms. The pineal gland may also play a role in mood disorders such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) syndrome.

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