EARLY MAN The first Homo sapiens emerged between 100,000 – 400,000 years ago in eastern Africa. They spread to Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas.

List, in order, the movement of early man: began on the continent of Africa then they migrated (moved to) Europe (2 nd ) then to Asia (3 rd ) then to Australia (4 th ) then to the Americas (North America to South America) (5 th & 6 th )

OLD STONE AGE (PALEOLITHIC AGE) 1.when:2.5 million years ago – 8000 B.C. (approximately) 2.where: East Africa

3. Life in early hunter-gatherer societies was shaped by their physical environment - hunter-gatherers had to adapt to many different geographic conditions (Ex. from cold regions to tropical regions)

4.characteristics of Old Stone Age:

People were hunter-gatherers, moving in search of food and water - Their survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals

Early human societies, through the development of culture (remember: a people’s way of life) began the process of overcoming the limits set by the physical environment –

How?

- People lived in clans (small groups)

People were nomads (wandered from place to place looking for food & water)

People invented first tools and weapons (simple tools) made of stone, bone, and wood

People invented clothing – made of animal skins (used bone needles)

People learned how to make and use fire

People painted pictures on cave walls (cave art)

People developed oral language (spoken language)

The beginning of agriculture, including permanent settlements, was a major step in the advance of civilization.

NEW STONE AGE (NEOLITHIC AGE) 1.when: around 8000 B.C.E. to 3000 B.C.E.

2. the New Stone Age is also called the Neolithic Revolution or the Agricultural Revolution because there was a change in how people lived: early man moved away from hunting and gathering to farming

3.characteristics of New Stone Age

- developed agriculture - people began planting crops so they would now have a steady supply of food - people could now live in permanent settlements or villages

- domesticated (tamed) wild animals - they became sources of meat, milk and wool - they could also be used to do work

the main result of the domestication of animals was that humans had a ready supply of meat and animal products

- had advanced tools

- made clay pottery

- developed weaving skills

- believed in an after life

- developed a calendar

The changeover from hunting and gathering to farming took place not once, but many times. Neolithic people in many parts of the world independently developed agriculture.

8000 B.C.E.Middle East 7000 B.C.E.India 6500 B.C.E. Central America 6000 B.C.E.China 5000 B.C.E. Southeast Asia

Bronze Age -when: 3000 B.C.E. – 1200 B.C.E. -first period in which metal is used Iron Age -when: 1200 B.C.E. – 300 C.E. -iron replaced bronze in making tools and weapons -first used as a technology of war around 1300 B.C.E. by the Hittites

SOL 2d What we know about early man comes from the work of archaeologists

Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts.

Archaeologists continue to find and interpret evidence of early humans and their lives.

Archaeologists apply scientific tests, such as carbon dating (or radiocarbon dating) to determine the age of the artifacts.

- Stonehenge – an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic Age and completed during the Bronze Age.

- Aleppo and Jericho are examples of early cities in the Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologists.

- Catalhoyuk is an example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia (Turkey).

agricultural village in south-central Turkey farmers: raised sheep and cattle/planted wheat, barley, peas highly skilled workers: made pottery, weavers known for its obsidian products (dark volcanic rock that looks like glass – used to make mirrors, jewelry, knives for trade colorful wall paintings (animals and hunting scenes) religious shrines

CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW: 1. How did early human beings respond to the environmental changes of the Ice Ages? a. by migratingc. by using fire b. by wearing clothesd. all of the above 2. Of the following, which is not an example of early human technological innovation? a. cuneiform (early writing)c. belief in an afterlife b. cave paintingsd. better hunting methods

3. The Neolithic Revolution ___________________. a. began at the same time everywhere on earth b. took place quickly c. resulted in the development of agriculture d. all of the above 4. Homo sapiens in Africa, between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago a. lived in permanent settlements b. had an organized government c. had complex tools d. were nomadic

5. Neolithic societies a. were disorganized b. Relocated often in search of food c. had simple tools d. were also referred to as New Stone Age 6. Scientists who study past cultures by analyzing human remains, fossils and artifacts are called a. geologists b. archaeologists c. psychologists d. anthropologists

7. Which of the statements best characterizes Neolithic man? a. the major social organization was the clan b. they migrated in search of food, water, and shelter c. they invented the first tools including simple weapons d. technological and social advances gave rise to stable communities

8. Examples of early cities in the Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologists are a. Aleppo and Jericho b. Cairo and Alexandria c. Jerusalem and Rome d. Athens and Sparta

9. List the characteristics of the Old Stone Age. 10. List the characteristics of the New Stone Age.

What caused ancient civilizations to change? Because of contact with other people through trade, warfare and migration.