Writing Presentation - Paragraph- 康以諾 陳詩凡 李勝杰 謝自強 王霈如 蘇怡庭 劉方琳 蔡若瑜 姚馨婷 z

Coherence Coherence means the state of being coherent. Coherent writing flows smoothly and easily from one sentence and paragraph to another, clarifying the relationships among ideas and thus allowing the reader to grasp connections.

Why we should use coherent writing? Because incoherent writing confuses, and sometimes even irritates the readers.

These are the most common transitional devices: 1.Connecting words and phrases 2. Repeated key words 3. Pronouns and demonstrative adjectives 4. Parallelism

Connecting Words and Phrases These connectors clarify relationships between sentences.

Repeated Key Words Repeating key words, especially those that help convey a paragraph’s central idea, can smooth the reader’s path. The words may appear in different forms, but their presence keeps the main issues before the reader.

Pronouns and Demonstrative Adjectives Pronouns stand in for nouns that appear earlier in the sentence or in previous sentences. Mixing pronouns and their nouns throughout the paragraph prevents monotony and promotes clarity.

Parallelism Parallelism uses repetition of grammatical form to express a series of equivalent ideas. Besides giving continuity, the repetition adds rhythm and balance to the writing.

※ Paragraphs with Special Functions ※ Special-function paragraphs include introductions, transitional paragraphs, and conclusions. Introductions and conclusions appear in short, multiparagraph essays. Transitional paragraphs occur primarily in long compositions.

Introductions A good introduction acquaints and coaxes. It announces the essay’s topic and may directly state the thesis. With essays, as with people, first impressions are important.

Here are some possibilities for starting an essay. The type you select depends on your purpose, subject, audience, and personality. Introductions

Here are some possibilities for starting an essay. The type you select depends on your purpose, subject, audience, and personality. 1. A Directly Stated Thesis This is a common type of opening, orienting the reader to what will follow. 2. A Definition This kind of introduction works particularly well in a paper that acquaints the reader with an unfamiliar topic. 3. A Quotation A beginning quotation, particularly from an authority in the field, can be an effective springboard for the ideas that follow. Introductions

4. An Anecdote or Personal Experience A well-told personal anecdote or experience can lure readers into the rest of the paper. Like other introductions, this kind should bear on what comes afterward. 5. An Arresting Statement Sometimes you can jolt the reader into attention, using content, language, or both, particularly if your essay develops an unusual or extreme position. 6. Interesting Details These details pique curiosity and draw the reader into the paper. 7. A Question A provocative question can entice the reader into the essay to find the answer. Introductions

Transitional Paragraph: Transitional paragraph mean a short paragraph that announces a shift from one group of ideas to another. Besides, it can summarize previously explained ideas, repeat the thesis, or point to ideas that follow.

Conclusions A conclusion rounds out a paper and signals that the discussion has been completed. To be effective, a conclusion must mesh logically and stylistically with what comes earlier. Most short essays have single-paragraph conclusion; longer papers may require two or three paragraphs.

Cautions about writing your conclusion 1. Don’t introduce new material. 2. Don’t tack on an ending in desperation when the hour is late and the paper is due tomorrow- the so-called midnight special. 3. Don’t apologize. 4. Don’t moralize.

Common types of conclusions Restatement of the Thesis A Summary A Question A Quotation Ironic Twist or Surprising Observation Clever or Lighthearted Ending Personal Challenge Hope or Recommendation