Motivation and Emotion

Motivation – a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

5 Theories of Motivation

Instinct Theory Instinct Theory – genetically predisposed (unlearned) behaviors Example: Click on the fish to watch it’s instinctual behavior.

Drive Reduction Theory Drive Reduction Theory - physiological need creates a drive (state of tension) that motivates us to satisfy the need Need - Drive –need Key Ideas Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. Goal is Homeostasis -

Primary versus Secondary drives Primary drives – innate – Examples: Secondary drives – drives learned by conditioning – Example:

Incentive Theory Incentives - positive or negative environmental stimulus that lure or repel us Incentive theory acts when an external stimulus pulls you in a certain direction Drive theory acts by an internal state pushing you in a specific direction.

Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law –

Humanistic Theory of Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. – Driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

Motivation of HUNGER Ancel Keys study on conscientious objectors

Physiology of Hunger Washburn’s studies showed hunger was partially related to the stomach. But those with their stomachs removed still feel hunger.

Biological Basis of Hunger Hunger does NOT come from our stomach. It comes from our… What part of the brain?

Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus Brings on hunger by (hunger arousing hormone) When stimulated it makes you hungry. When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again. Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again and become …

Leptin Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity. Set Point Hypothalamus acts like a thermostat to Lateral or ventromedial hypothalamus activated as needed Examples: How Hypothalamus works: Two Theories

Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones – Ghrelin – – Obestatin – – PYY – – Leptin –

Body Chemistry Glucose The hormone converts glucose to fat. When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

Psychology of Hunger Memory Desire to be thin

Mice Wine Dog Fried Frog Legs Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Biological Cultural Psychological

Ecology of Eating Social Facilitation – when we’re around others we eat more – Example: Unit Bias – We eat more served in larger portion sizes – Example:

Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by Binge-eating disorder – spurts of excessive overeating followed by

Anorexia Nervosa Starve themselves to below See themselves as. Vast majority Parents are Live in cultures where Click on the woman to watch a case study of an anorexic.

Body Image

Obesity and Weight Control Historical Reasons: – – In developed nations old rule is dysfunctional Obesity = Life expectancy

Obesity

The Social Effects of Obesity Weight discrimination Psychological effects of obesity – 25% increase in

The Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells – Typical adult – Obese –

Genetics & Obesity – Body weights resemble – Gene – +.74 correlation – Obese parents =

Environmental Factors & Obesity – Sleep loss – Social influence Obese friends = – Food consumption and activity level

Losing Weight Realistic and moderate goals Minimize exposure to tempting foods Don’t starve all day Attitudinal changes

Sexual Motivation Interplay of internal and external Stimuli Genes way of 2 important studies contributed to our knowledge of sexual motivation –

Kinsey’s Studies Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

Masters and Johnson Study William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1960s) set out to explore the physiology of sex. 382 females and 312 males. After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight. Click on Masters and Johnson to see a more detailed explanation of their research.

Sexual Response Cycle 4 stages of sexual responding – Includes refractory period –

Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones – Development of – Activate Estrogen – sex hormones secreted in amounts by – sex characteristics – In nonhuman females Testosterone – Sex hormones secreted in amounts by males – sex characteristics in fetus and puberty

Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex. Imagined stimuli

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Teen Pregnancy

Sexually Transmitted Infections Statistics of STIs Teen abstinence –

Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation - An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender. Sexual orientation statistics – Erotic plasticity –

How is Sexual Orientation Determined There has been evidence that sexuality is. Kids raised by parents are no more likely to be that if they were raised by parents. Indicates it is likely

The Brain Simon LeVay - cluster of cells in Right hemisphere

Fraternal Birth Order Effect men who have brothers Blanchard study – – preventing fetus brain from developing in male-typical pattern.

Prenatal Environment Hormonal levels in the prenatal environment – elevated rates of homosexual orientation – exposure to hormone levels typical for – Fingerprint ridges are in right hand than left in heterosexual males

Genes Genes – homosexuality does run in families – more likely to share a homosexual orientation – Studies on female fruit-flies – determines sexual orientation and behavior

The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong Sustaining relationships The pain of ostracism – ostracism

Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..) Intrinsic Motivators Rewards we get, such as Extrinsic Motivators Reward that we get for accomplishments from ourselves Work great in the short run.

Management Theory Management/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators. Theory X Managers believes that employees will work only if Think employees are Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs. Theory Y Managers believe that employees are Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.

When Motives Conflict approach-approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict approach-avoidance conflict Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts