Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b This material (Comp19_Unit2b) was developed by Johns Hopkins University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC

Project Life Cycles Learning Objectives—Lecture b Identify process groups and knowledge areas in project management. Differentiate linear, iterative, adaptive, and agile project life cycles. Relate life cycle phases to reviews, milestones, and deliverables. Compare various organizational structures as contexts for managing projects. Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Linear Life Cycle Models Project Characteristic Requirements Changes Risks Feasibility of Resulting System Complexity of Project Stakeholder Engagement When to Consider Linear Models Well defined Few are expected Low High Low or Manageable Minimal need for involvement of customers or users during the project 3 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Example of a Linear Life Cycle Model Sequence of phases one after another This example may be appropriate for a simple software development project with known requirements and no or few expected changes Planning Phase Requirements Phase Design Phase Implementation Phase Test & Integration Phase Delivery and Close out Phase Linear models can still accommodate minor variations, such as developing a prototype of the user interface during the Requirements Phase, to have users ensure that the interface will be acceptable 4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Iterative Life Cycle Models Project Characteristics 1.Requirements 2.Changes 3.Risks 4.Feasibility of Resulting System 5.Complexity of Project 6.Stakeholder Engagement When to Consider Iterative Models 1.Moderately well defined, but some lack of clarity or completeness 2.Few are expected, but able to respond better than linear models 3.Low to moderate; iterations of process will provide flexibility and delivery of system in increments to enhance acceptance by users 4.High 5.Low or Manageable 6.Involvement of customers and users is needed to evaluate prototypes or early incremental deliveries 5 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Iterative Life Cycle Models: Examples to Show Variations Iterative life cycle models provide flexibility by developing the system iteratively, depending on: –How many activities are included in each iteration: Example 1: “Specify-a-little, Build-a-little” Example 2: “Build-a-little, Test-a-little” –Whether or not the increments are delivered, installed, and used by the customer: Example 3: “Develop-a-little, Deliver-a-little” 6 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Iterative Life Cycle Model: Example 1.“Specify-a-little, Build-a- little” 7 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Iterative Life Cycle Model: Example 2.“Build-a-little, Test-a-little” 8 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Iterative Life Cycle Model: Example 3.“Develop-a-little, Deliver-a- little” 9 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Adaptive Life Cycle Models Project Characteristic Requirements Changes Risks Feasibility of Resulting System Complexity of Project Stakeholder Engagement When to Consider Adaptive Models ** When even PLANS may change*** Partially defined Expected, possibly significant Moderate, due to unknown requirements Uncertain, depending on nature of changes and new requirements Can be significant Necessary involvement of customers and users during the project to propose changes and respond to evolving products and systems 10 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Project Life Cycles Summary—Lecture b We have reviewed the four different project life cycles and how their characteristics differentiate them. We have used specific project examples to illustrate how some models are more appropriate for different types of projects, and how you would apply them. 11 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b

Project Life Cycles References—Lecture b References Highsmith, JA. (2009) Agile Project Management: creating innovative products. 2nd ed; Boston: Pearson Education. Houston S, Bove LA. (2010) Project Management for Healthcare Informatics. New York: Springer Science + Business Media, LLC. Kerzner H. (2009) Project Management: a Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. 10 th ed. Hoboken, NJ.:Wiley. Project Management Institute, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. 4 th ed (2008).Newtown Square, PA: PMI. Whitten N. Neal (2007).Whitten's Let's Talk! More No-nonsense Advice for Project Success. Vienna, VA.:Management Concepts Inc. Wysocki, RK.(2009).Effective Project Management: traditional, agile, extreme. 5th Edition. New York: Wiley. Images Slide 5: Iterative Life Cycle Models. Image courtesy Johns Hopkins University Staff Slide 7: Iterative Life Cycle Model: Example 1. Courtesy of: Theron Feist Slide 8: Iterative Life Cycle Model: Example 2. Courtesy of: Theron Feist Slide 9: Iterative Life Cycle Model: Example 3. Courtesy of: Theron Feist 12 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Project Management Project Life Cycles Lecture b