Faizan zaffar kashoo M.P.T., LECTURER COLLEGE OF APPLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES PATIENT CARE

CHAPTER 1 – FIRST AID  First Aid is care given to an injured person to stabilize and keep him / her safe until he / she can receive professional medical attention.

Who needs First Aid? Cardiac and Respiratory Arrest Electric Shock Wounds Bleeding Burns Fractures and Traumatic Injuries Poisoning Drowning Snake bites Accidents

Fundamentals of First Aid List the Two Major Concerns When Giving First Aid a. The first rule of first aid and the primary concern is: Safety b. The second concern is, unless the victim is in a life- threatening situation, he or she should: Not Be Moved

Giving First Aid Responsiveness Is the victim conscious? Touch their shoulder, ask if they are alright. Ask if they need help. If they say no, then proceed no further If yes, or no response, then proceed to A – ACTIVATION ( CALL 996)

How to Use the 996 System What are the four things you need to remember when making a 996 call  Your name  The emergency  The location of the emergency  Condition of the victim Stay on the line with the operator until help arrives

When To Move An Injured Person Only re-position the victim if the victim is in further danger in their present location. And / or there does not seem to be spinal injury and additional care requires moving them.

Four Steps of Victim Assessment Use the mnemonic “ABCH” 1. A is for airway 2. B is for breathing 3. C is for circulation 4. H is for Hemorrhaging

A is for airway  check to see if the airway is blocked Use your finger to sweep the mouth to remove any seen object. If this fails, then perform the Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrusts.

2.B is for breathing Look, listen and feel by watching the chest and placing your cheek a few inches above the mouth of the victim to sense any movement of air. If the victim is not breathing, they may need their head repositioned. If they are still not breathing they need rescue breathing, do not give unless you are trained, instead, find an adult.

3.C is for circulation If there is not a pulse, then this person needs CPR. The best place to check for a pulse is the carotid artery along the side of the neck along the windpipe. If you are not trained in CPR, then find someone who is TRAINED. 4.H is for Hemorrhaging If the victim is bleeding, then provide the necessary care. If not, then begin a secondary assessment.

First Aid Kit  Container – To keep all first aid items in one common container.  Gauze Pads -To cover wounds and prevent infection.  Roll Bandage -To stabilize strains and sprains and cover wounds.  Triangular Bandage -To cover wounds and prevent infection.

 Bandages -To stop minor bleeding and prevent infection.  Adhesive Tape -To secure bandages to wounds.  Antibacterial Ointment -To prevent infection on small cuts.  Calamine Lotion – To prevent skin irritation

 Soap  Latex Gloves -To protect the rescuer from infection and blood pathogens.  Bandage Scissors  Tweezers -To pull splinters. Moleskin (Strong cotton fabric) -To protect blisters and prevent infection.

sharp scissors safety pins alcohol wipes or ethyl alcohol thermometer tooth preservation kit flashlight and extra batteries a blanket mouthpiece for administering CPR your list of emergency phone numbers

Bleeding and wounds – First Aid Types of Bleeding There are three types: Arterial Spurting: Arteries transport blood under high pressure. Bleeding from an artery is bright red blood that spurts with every heartbeat. Venous Steady flow: Veins carry blood under low pressure. Bleeding from a vein is a steady flow of darker blood. Capillary Oozing: Capillaries also carry blood under low pressure. Bleeding from capillaries oozes.

Types of Bleeding Veins Capillary Spurting Steady flow Oozing Artery

Types of Wounds

Control of Bleeding Direct Pressure Elevation Cold Applications Pressure bandage

Pressure Points Where the artery passes over a bone close to the skin Temporal Facial Carotid Sub-clavian Brachial Radial Ulnar Femoral Popliteal Pedal

Treating Minor to Moderate Wounds Stop the bleeding Remove clothing from wound (If Necessary) DO NOT remove penetrating objects from wound

Place absorbent pad over wound Wrap the elastic wrap around the limb and anchor the Velcro strip

Feed elastic wrap through the tension hook. Pull elastic through tension hook and reverse the direction of the wrap to secure the bandage in place

Continue wrapping the elastic bandage around the wound. Once you have reached the end of the elastic wrap, rotate it to secure the Velcro strip to the wrap.

Treating Moderate to Severe Wounds Cut clothing from area Locating the pressure point, apply pressure to slow or stop the bleeding from the wound

Pack wound with the gauze roll Place absorbent pad of the pressure dressing over gauze and wound If bleeding continues, apply direct pressure to pressure dressing and pressure points for 5-10 minutes.

Apply tourniquet 2 to 4 inches above wound, so that tourniquet is between wound and heart Wrap tourniquet once around

Epistaxis or Nose bleeding Tilt head down to prevent bleeding to the throat. Close the victim's nostrils with the tips of 2 fingers. Ask victim to breath through mouth We may apply a gauze packing to the bleeding nose. If bleeding didn't stop after 20 minutes we ask Medical Care Provider.

FRACTURES TYPES 1.Closed -No Wounds 2.Open - With Wounds FIRST AID Never try to put bone in place. Stop bleeding Cover open wound Prevent shock. Immobilize the fractured bone by splinting cotton, gauze and bandage)(apply cotton, gauze and bandage)

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE TRANSFERRING THE VICTIM In case of a fractured cervical vertebral bones keep victim on his back. In case of fractured of thoracic and lumber keep victim on his abdomen. Avoid excessive or unnecessary movements. In case of fracture pelvis fix pelvis, thighs, legs and feet. Fracture of fore arms make two splints and hang the forearm to the neck.

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First Aid for head injury For a moderate to severe head injury, take the following steps: 1. Call Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR. 3. If the person's breathing and heart rate are normal but the person is unconscious, stabilize the head and neck in line with the spine and preventing movement. Wait for medical help.

4. Stop any bleeding by firmly pressing a clean cloth on the wound and be careful not to move the person's head. 5. If you suspect a skull fracture, do NOT apply direct pressure to the bleeding site, and do NOT remove any debris from the wound. Cover the wound with sterile gauze dressing. 6. Apply ice packs to swollen areas.