Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules -Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules. -Understand basic enzyme function and how it is affected.

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules consist of 4 main groups… 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates (continued…) Single sugar molecules are known as a monosaccharides. Combine 2 sugar molecules and you have a disaccharide. Combining 3+ sugars results in a polysaccharide.

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids Lipids are fats and are generally not soluble in water as they are nonpolar. Lipids can be used to: 1. Store energy 2. Form membranes 3. Form waterproof coverings 4. Make hormones

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. Nucleic acids are assembled using nucleotides. These include DNA, RNA and ATP.

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein Proteins are made up of amino acids. Proteins perform many varied functions: 1.controlling the rate of reactions; 2.regulating cell processes; 3.forming cellular structures; 4.transporting substances into or out of cells; 5.helping to fight disease.

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Proteins have 4 levels of organization : A protein’s Primary structure is the sequence of its amino acids. Secondary structure is the folding of the polypeptide chain. Tertiary structure is the complete, three-dimensional arrangement. Quaternary structure is the combining of 2 or more tertiary structures.

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Enzymes act by lowering the activation energies, which has a dramatic effect on how quickly reactions are completed.

Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Factors that affect enzyme activity… 1. Temperature 2. pH 3. Regulatory molecules