I.BIODIVERSITY A. History of biodiversity (and extinction) on earth B. Where is biodiversity on earth and why? C. How many species do we have? D. Extinction today (Mon and Wed) 1.Terms (functionally extinct etc… 2.Categorizing species (Who lists species?) 3.Timing of getting on list-how long do we wait? 4.Loss of populations 5.Who has gone extinct? 6.Are we in the midst of a 6 th extinction? (paper) 7.Using Island Biogeography to predict extinctions 8.Forms of rarity-a deeper understanding of populations at risk. E. Relationships between ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services and biodiversity (CH3, Readings for Wed and Fri).

7. Using Island Biogeography to predict extinctions CH 10 Case Study-Birds in New England p193 Massive deforestation of eastern forests. Island biogeography shown that there is a predictable relationship between “island size” and species number.

Plants on small islands in Bahamas Birds on lakes Bats and caves Springs in Australia Fig 10.3

Example #breeding bird species in different size plots of North American deciduous forest. (Preston, 1960) What is pattern?

Data: D.R. Foster. “Land-Use History and Four Hundred Years of Vegetation Change in New England,” eds. B.L. Turner et al., in Global Land Use Change: A Perspective from the Columbian Encounter, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain; Figure: Kaufmann, Robert K. and Cleveland, Cutler J Environmental Science (McGraw-Hill, Dubuque, IA).

Why were so few species lost given about 75% of those forests were cut? Based on species area relationships should have lost 16% (should have lost 26/160) Yet only 4 species went extinct…(mostly they did not have small ranges). Pointed out that most of those 160 species also live elsewhere…beyond eastern forests. Really only 30 species just live in these forests.16 times 30= 4.8… so better prediction!

8. Forms of rarity-a deeper understanding of populations at risk. 3 forms of rarity- Rabinowitz

Geographic range When you look on map… Local Habitat requirements/ tolerance How picky are they… Local Population Density When you are standing in one spot how many are you likely to see… Leedy ’ s roseroot Narrow Restricted Hi Mt. Graham red Narrow Not Restricted Low squirrel Tiger Wide Not Restricted Low (very) Blanding ’ s turtle Wide Restricted Low

Geographic range When you look on map… Local Habitat requirements/ tolerance How picky are they… Local Population Density When you are standing in one spot how many are you likely to see… Leedy ’ s roseroot Narrow Restricted Hi Mt. Graham red Narrow Not Restricted Low squirrel Tiger Wide Not Restricted Low (very) Blanding ’ s turtle Wide Restricted Low

Geographic range When you look on map… Local Habitat requirements/ tolerance How picky are they… Local Population Density When you are standing in one spot how many are you likely to see… Leedy ’ s roseroot Narrow Restricted Hi Mt. Graham red Narrow Not Restricted Low squirrel Tiger Wide Not Restricted Low (very) Blanding ’ s turtle Wide Restricted Low