MONDAY, APRIL 4 TH BELL-RINGER: PLEASE PICK UP THE TWO HANDOUTS ON THE BACK TABLE. FIND TWO (YES, ONLY TWO) OTHER STUDENTS TO WORK WITH AND HAVE A SEAT. YOU HAVE THE FIRST 20 MINUTES OF CLASS TO COMPLETE THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES COMPARISON CHART (YOU GOT AT THE END OF CLASS ON FRIDAY). YOU WILL NEED TO USE YOUR REVIEW BOOK OR ONE OF THE CLASSROOM TEXTBOOKS TO ASSIST YOU WITH THIS. DIVIDE IT UP AND CONQUER!

DAILY AGENDA: Bell-Ringer: Gunpowder Empires Research Chart Word of the Day  colloquial Vocab Acquisition Lecture: The Gunpowder Empires (Cornell Notes) Summarizer Homework: Read Chapter 19 in your Review Book. Essential Question: What is a gunpowder empire? How does it compare and contrast with European maritime empires?

Colloquial – the language used when people speak together informally; informal or conversational language Pronunciation Colloquial expressions, in a piece of literature, give us deep insights into the writer’s society. Colloquial expressions impart a sense of realism to a piece of literature which gives the text authenticity. Moreover, colloquialisms add variety to characters which makes them more interesting and memorable. Click for a great example of John Steinbeck’s use of colloquial language  Read-Aloud April 4, Block 1 loqu, loc = to speak

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION Janissary Devshirme Janissaries are infantry soldiers in the Ottoman military. Think “Jan is Sorry” he had to shoot you, but it was his job as a janissary. This is a system in which the Ottomans took Christian boys, converted them, and trained them to be janissaries. Think “Dev Sure May” become wealthy and powerful due to the Devshirme System.

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION AskeriRaya Askeri are royal administrators, or people who know how the government work because they run it. Reminds me of “Ask Gary,” the lawyer referral service. Raya sounds like “Ryan” which is kind of a common name. Raya = commoners

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION VizierTulip Period Vizier is a high executive officer who basically runs the day-to-day business for the Sultan. In that sense he is “busier” than the sultan. Flowers are a commercial product (luxuries we like, but don’t need). The Tulip Period was marked by commercialism inspired by Western countries.

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION Qizilbash Hidden Imam As they trained infantry soldiers of the Safavid Empire, they could easily “bash” you. This Mahdi is believed to serve as a messianic figure for Twelver Shia followers. However, since his disappearance in 947, he remains “hidden” until his return.

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION Harem Eunuch Reserved as a space for women only, you can safely assume the occupants have a lot of “hair on them.” Castrated and serving as trusted advisors/servants, they might be remembered for complaining “You Nicked” it.

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION Mansab Rajput As ranking officers in the Mughal military, they also served as rulers under the empire. However, these were not hereditary positions, possibly causing a “man to sob” As a member of the Hindu warrior class of the Mughal empire, “Raj put” all of his time and energy into training with his musket.

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION Sikhism Guru Followers of Sikhism “seek” truth in the oneness of God. They emphasize equality and blended elements of Hinduism and Islam in India. Teacher and spiritual leader in Sikhism. In Winnie the Pooh, “Roo” never left his mother’s side because she was his primary teacher.

DID THE DEVSHIRME SYSTEM WORK? Positives: Provided highly trained soldiers who had no problem killing Turks and Muslims. Negatives: Grew too powerful; favoritism created problems with the cavalry which led to rebellions and agricultural decline.

OTTOMAN ORIGINALS: Askeri vs. Raya Askeri vs. Raya  Military Class (Askeri) was free from taxes/dependent on Sultan; Raya = “flock of sheep” (everyone else) Land-grant system Land-grant system  Turkish cavalrymen given land, collected taxes, and maintained order Why would this system be inefficient? Ottoman World View: Sultan provides justice for Raya, military protects them, they pay taxes to support both

OTTOMAN DECLINE Sultan wants to replace cavalry with Janissaries Reduces number of land-grants Inflation causes Cavalry, students, and peasants to rebel Emigration, decline in Ag. Production, Janissaries scramble for power Sultan’s male relatives confined to palace Sultan’s mother and Grand Vizier hold real power Janissaries become hereditary, diversify; tax farming begins Economic Decline, Tulip Period, Patrona Halil Rebellion, decentralization

WERE ALL GUNPOWDER EMPIRES ALIKE? Safavid: Shi’ite, spoke Persian, “Hidden Imam,” no navy Mughal: Thriving manufacturing, no navy, strove for social harmony, internal political decentralization

WHAT WERE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A LAND-BASED EMPIRE VS. A MARITIME EMPIRE? Advantages: More centralization of rule, easier to keep your people unified, requires no navy, guarantees adequate agricultural production Disadvantages: Removed from world trade, lacked access to new markets and resources, lacked navy (continued dependence on old military standards)

COMMON ELEMENTS OF OTTOMAN, SAFAVID, AND MUGHAL EMPIRES Empires based on military conquest (“gunpowder empires”) Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and military prowess of the ruler Close relations with Sufism, ghazi tradition Steppe Turkish traditions Issuance of unilateral decrees Intra-family conflicts over power 1595 Sultan massacres nineteen brothers (some infants), fifteen expectant women (strangulation with silk) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

WHAT IS A HAREM?

WOMEN AND POLITICS Women officially banned from political activity But tradition of revering mothers, first wives from Chinggis Khan Süleyman the Magnificent defers to concubine Hürrem Sultana Originally Roxelana, Ukrainian woman Convinces husband to murder eldest son in favor of her own child ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

AGRICULTURE AND TRADE American crops effect less dramatic change in Muslim empires Coffee, tobacco important Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax morality of coffee houses Population growth also reflects territorial additions and losses Trade with English East India Company, French East India Company, and Dutch VOC ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY Ottoman empire: Christians, Jews Safavid empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians Mughal empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhs Mughal Akbar most tolerant Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian exclusivity Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving “divine faith” ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

STATUS OF RELIGIOUS MINORITIES Non-Muslim protected people: dhimmi Payment of special tax: jizya Freedom of worship, property, legal affairs Ottoman communities: millet system of self- administration Mughal rule: Muslims supreme, but work in tandem with Hindus Under Akbar, jizya abolished Reaction under Aurangzeb ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

CAPITAL CITIES Istanbul cultural capital of Ottoman empire, massive monumental architecture Rededication of Hagia Sofia church as Aya Sofya mosque Isfahan major Persian city Akbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri Chooses site without sufficient water supply, abandoned Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

DETERIORATION OF IMPERIAL LEADERSHIP Ottoman princes become lazy through luxury Selim the Sot (r ), Ibrahim the Crazy (r ) Attempts to isolate them compounds the problem Religious tensions between conservatives and liberals intensify Role of women Wahhabi movement in Arabia denounces Ottomans as unfit to rule Force destruction of observatory, printing press Safavid Shiites persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims, and even Sufis ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

ECONOMIC AND MILITARY DECLINE Foreign trade controlled by Europeans Military, administrative network expensive to maintain Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased coinage, 1589; other revolts follow Unproductive wars European military technology advances faster than Ottomans can purchase it ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

CULTURAL CONSERVATISM Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for purposes of trade, missionary activities Islamic empires less interested in outside world Swiftly fell behind in technological development E.g. Jews from Spain establish first printing press in Anatolia in late fifteenth century But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729 Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of dissemination ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

WAS THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE MORE ASIAN OR EUROPEAN? Asian: Primarily Muslims, but open to other religions; utilized a large bureaucracy; reliance on land based trade. European: Tulip period featured European styles and tastes.