Basic Principles of Airmanship Airfields

Wind Speed 20 Knots Airspeed 60 Knots Ground Speed = 40 Knots If you went the other way (Downwind) your speed would be twice as high, it would take twice as long to stop and you would be going twice the speed. You would need FOUR TIMES the distance to stop.

Effect of Crosswinds

Grass Airfield

Use: Light Aircraft Advantages: Take Off & Land in any direction Cheap to build and maintain Disadvantages: Rough surface Poor condition when wet. Notes

Triangle Pattern Airfield

Triangular Pattern Runways Use: Heavier and faster aircraft Advantages: Longer paved runways. Less problems with mud Disadvantages : Limited choice of direction, Expensive Notes

Modern Main Instrument Runway

Use: Suitable for all aircraft, but main use for large, fast aircraft Advantages: Very Long & well equipped for all weather operations Disadvantages: Only two directions. Very expensive Notes

Modern Main Instrument Runway

Notes

Hardened Aircraft Shelter (HAS) 2004

Exterior of Hardened Aircraft Shelter

Damaged HAS in Iraq 2003

Windsock – Wind Direction & Strength

Runway & Taxiway Markings Runways marked in white Taxiways marked in yellow

Taxi way Markings - Yellow

Runway Threshold

Runway Numbering The standard way that runways are named and referred to in aviation

Direction There are two systems of referring to direction Points of the Compass Degrees

The Older System (Points of the Compass) In the early days of navigation (sailing ships) directions were referred to as “points of the compass”. A ship would steer, say, “West south west”. As navigation got a bit more accurate more points were added, but to refer to a direction as “East south east by east” was getting a bit of a mouthful. A better system was needed.

Degrees The more modern system was to use degrees starting at due north and calling that 0 degrees (it is also 360 degrees which, by convention is how it is normally spoken). By moving clockwise around the scale East is 090 degrees (always add leading zeros), South is 180 degrees and West is 270 degrees. This gives us, obviously, 360 possible directions rather that the 16 using points of the compass.

If we have a runway with a direction of 270 degrees we take away the last digit (in this case zero) and the runway is called “Runway 27” and the number “27” painted at the beginning of the runway. If you use the same runway in the opposite direction it is obviously 180 degrees different in direction and in this case 090 degrees, so it would be called “Runway 09”. In this way it is quite clear not only which runway is being used, but also which direction. By using only two digits it is also clear on the radio that it refers to a runway and not a navigational instruction to an aircraft which would be 3 digits. One slightly confusing point is that the numbers are painted ant the beginning of the runway, so in this case “27” is painted at the eastern end of the west facing runway.

If a runway was pointing in the direction of 314 degrees (Which is almost North West) it would become Runway 31 and if used in the oposite direction (134 degrees) it is called Runway 31. If, instead of 314 degrees it was aligned on 316 degrees it would be closer to 320 than 310 and it would be called Runway 32

In the case of some large airports there are two runways running parallel to each other. These will be referred to (in this example) as “Runway 27 Right” and “Runway 27 Left” and in addition to the painted numbers there will be a “L” or an “R” as appropriate. If there are three parallel runways the centre one is called (in this instance) “Runway 27 Centre” and there will be a “C” painted below the number

Taxiway Displacement Markings Threshold Markings Sterile Area

Blue Edge, Green Centre Taxiway Lighting – Blue Edge, Green Centre

Threshold Green Lights White Runway lights Sterile Area Red Obstruction Lights

Precision Approach Path Indicators (PAPIs) Threshold Lights High Visibility “T” Approach Lights Notes

Landing on Runway 15 – Birmingham Airport

1 Runway Number… Threshold markings….. 3 Displacement Markings 4 Runway Side Markings 5 Centre Line… Taxiway marking… Shows direction of runway relative to magnetic North Shows the start of the usable runway Shows that the landing threshold has been displaced Shows the edge of the usable runway Shows the centre of the runway Shows the route between the taxiway and the runway Notes

Questions What does “HAS” stand for? What colour are obstruction lights? What colour are threshold lights? How are taxiways marked in daylight? What colours are taxiway lights? What is used on an airfield to show wind direction?

Questions How are runways numbered? True or False: Pilots will usually choose to take off with the wind behind them. What is a “Sterile Area”? How is a Sterile Area marked?