Age of Revolution and Unification

Nationalism and Unification The Origin of Italy and Germany

NATIONALISM Germany Great Britain Italy

Italy - Unification (1852) Count Cavour – Prime minister for a king in Northern Italy. Wanted control of all of Northern Italy. Austria-Hungary controlled much of North. Cavour made an alliance with the French & beat Austria-Hungary out of Northern Italy.

Italy - Unification Giuseppe Garibaldi: Joined southern Italy to northern Italy Eventually the Papal States (owned by the Catholic Church) including Rome became the last to join Italy

Germany (Prussia) Prussia – largest & most powerful of the German states. King Wilhelm chose Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister led Prussia in unification of Germany: Used war & nationalism Realpolitik – A political idea that justifies all means to achieve & hold power. Franco-Prussian War – led to creation of the Germany state and the re-taking of Alcase- Lorraine

Great Britain England expanded political rights through legislative means rather than revolution. Most important achievement – slavery made illegal in the British empire.

Revolution in Latin America and Brazil

Review the Roots of Revolution 1700’s—The Enlightenment 1776—American Revolution 1789—French Revolution 1791—Haitian Slave Revolt 1810—Mexican Revolution

The Colonial System Colonial governments mirrored the home governments The Catholic Church had a strong influence Mining for precious metals like gold and silver Major cities were established as trading outposts

Review the Social Structure Viceroy (Appointed by monarch of mother country) Peninsulares (Spanish-born; dominated political & social life) Creoles (Latin Americans of European descent) Mestizos (Native and European descent) Mulattoes (African and European descent) Everyone Else! (Natives and Africans) Owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines

Haitian Independence 1791—Haitian slaves on sugar plantations revolt Toussaint L’Ouverture Former slave Self-educated 1804—Gained independence from France Defeated armies of Spain, France, AND Britain

Mexican Independence 1810—Call to arms by Father Miguel Hidalgo 1821—Established a republic, freeing Mexico from Spanish control

South American Independence Simon Bolivar liberated northern areas of South America Venezuelan Creole By 1819—Freed Columbia from Spanish control By 1821—Freed Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from Spanish control

Brazilian Independence 1822—Dom Pedro declared Brazil’s independence from Portugal

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine “The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” Issued by American President James Monroe in 1823 Latin American nations acknowledged to be independent U.S. would consider European interference as an act of war