RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENTS DR MOHAMMED MALIK AFROZ

CONTENTS X RAY MACHINE AND ITS COMPONENTS IOPA X RAY FILM – SIZE 0 OCCLUSAL X RAY FILM LEAD BARRIER LEAD APRON DEVELOPER SOLUTION FIXER SOLUTION X RAY FILM HOLDER DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOX X RAY TUBE DIAGRAM LEAD FOIL BLACK WRAPPING PAPER

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE To know different equipments (materials) in x ray room Importance of each equipment

Different components of Machine High frequency x ray generator Mobile stand containing the main power board Control timer unit X ray exposure switch x ray exposure button Horizontal arm Rectangular arm On/off switch with LED Handle Front Brakes

IOPA X RAY FILMS Base Emulsion CLASSIFICATION Based On Their Usage Intraoral Films Extra Oral Films Based On Their Exposure Direct Exposure Films Indirect Exposure Films Based On Their Size Based On Their Speed COMPOSITION Base 0.2mm thick Polyester Polyethylene Teraphthalate Emulsion Silver Halide Grains Vehicle Matrix.

IOPA X RAY FILMS – contd… BLACK WRAPPING PAPER – USE – TO AVOID MOISTURE CONTAMINATION TO AVOID ACCIDENTAL LIGHT LEAKAGE LEAD FOIL – USE – TO PROTECT X RAY EXPOSURE TO OTHER AREAS OF BODY Plastic Cover Lead Foil Black Wrapping Paper X ray film

Digital X Ray Sensors RVG SENSORS – RADIO – VISIO – GRAPHY SENSORS It is a digital sensor which is connected by a wire to the computer The sensor transfers the image directly on the computer There is very less processing time involved as it is done by computer itself Disadvantage – cost and taking care of the sensors, difficult to place along with wire Advantages – less time, more sensitive than the x ray film

Digital X Ray Sensors – contd… PSP SENSOR – photostimulable phosphor plate It is same size as that of x ray film More sensitive than the x ray film After taking a radiograph in the same way as x ray film The sensor is passed through a reader which is connected to the computer The reader transfers the image on to the computer Advantages – no wire hence easy to operate, more sensitive than x ray film and RVG, sensor is reusable, sensor is more flexible Disadvantages – cost, more processing time as it uses a reader to transfer the image on computer

RADIATION PROTECTION LEAD APRON Should be worn by the operator always Pregnant patients should wear the lead apron before exposure It is not advisable to exposure the pregnant patient to radiation in her 1st and 3rd Trimester. If only one lead apron is available then it should be worn by the operator rather than the patient.

RADIATION PROTECTION – contd.. LEAD BARRIER It is made up of lead and usually has wheels and a glass window in it It protects the operator and other persons from exposure to x rays Operator goes behind the shield before exposure after he arranges the patient and readies the machine The window in the shield helps the operator to see before exposure that the patient is in the correct position

INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERS PARALELLING X RAY FILM HOLDERS It has a ring and x ray holder which are connected to each other by a plastic or metal rod The ring is used to guide the x ray tube and is kept outside the patient’s mouth The x ray film holder is used to place the x ray film in it. The metal rod is used to increase or decrease the gap between x ray tube ring and x ray film holder There are different holders for anterior and posterior teeth.

INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERS – CONTD… IOPA X RAY FILM HOLDER/ SNAP ‘A’ RAY FILM HOLDER Use – to hold the x ray film in patient mouth It has got a larger beak and a small beak between which x ray film is placed The larger beak is where the patient bites on the film The other end of the holder is used to hold the x ray film for anterior teeth exposure

PROCESSING OF X RAY FILM DEVELOPER SOLUTION COMPOSITION OF DEVELOPER SOLUTION FUNCTIONS OF EACH COMPONENT IN DEVELOPER SOLUTION FIXER SOLUTION COMPOSITION OF FIXER SOLUTION FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENT IN FIXER SOLUTION

Composition Of Developer Pyrazolone Derivatives(1 – Phenyl 3 Pyrazolidine) Hydroquinine – it provides an electron to reduce oxidized Phenidone to its original form. Function/use – Is the main component of developer solution which helps in developing the X ray film Activator – sodium or potassium hydrozide Developer is active at alkaline pH Function/use – It keeps the developer solution in active state and at alkaline pH as developer gives electrons during X ray film developing

Developer Solution Preservative – Sodium Sulfite. Function/use – Prevents developer from getting oxidized It combines with brown oxidized developer to make it colourless Restrainer – potassium bromide or Benzotriazole Function/Use – It is more effective in reducing the unexposed silver halide crytals from getting developed If the film is kept for too long in the developer solution then developer solution can reduce even exposed crystals.

Fixer Composition Clearing Agent – Aqueous solution of Ammonium Thiosulphate or Hypo. Function/Use It dissolves silver halide grains It forms stable water soluble substances with silver ions It does not have a rapid effect on metallic silver grains but excessive fixation results in gradual loss of film density

Preservative – Ammonium Sulfite Acidifier – Acetic Acid is used which maintains the fixer solution at 4 – 5 pH Function/Use Is required to promote good diffusion (entry) of Thiosulphate (main fixer component) into the X ray film emulsion Preservative – Ammonium Sulfite Function/Use – It prevents oxidation of Thiosulphate solution Hardener – Aluminium Sulfite Function/Use – Aluminium complexes with the gelatin during fixing and prevents damage to gelatin during subsequent handling.

DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOX CONTENTS – Developer jar Water jar Fixer jar USE – to develop the x ray film

X RAY TUBE

THANK YOU