1. Film Development Objectives:
Describe what happens during the process of developing & fixing film
Mix and store chemicals for darkroom
Load tank in complete darkness
Process film with developer , stop bath , fixer
Wash /dry film

2. Development With chemicals in complete darkness
After film goes through development – known as negative
Light areas are dark, dark areas are light
An error here can ruin film

3. developer stop bath fixer 3 basic chemicals
Always In this order for film and paper

4. 2. Dev causes emulsion to swell for better absorption of developer
Developer changes exposed silver salts into black metallic silver that can be seen (gelatin silver print)
Emulsion- dull side of film
More fragile when wet
Emulsion contains your image
1. Dev absorbs chemicals released during the change of salts to metallic silver
2. Dev causes emulsion to swell for better absorption of developer

5. Developer 68° ideal Develop longer if less than 68° . Cooler
dev temp : add 1 min. per degree
Develop shorter time if more than 68°. Warmer dev subtract : 1 min. per degree.
Stop and Fix temps not as critical as DEV but should be within 3-5 ° of DEV temp. Black & white is forgiving. Your temps can be between 65 and 72 degrees.
Adjust temp with tub warm or cool water to regulate the chemical temps Thermometer.

6. Stop bath= 30sec. Neutralizes, prevents further development of film.
Weak acid solution – after developer
Acetic acid
Color indicator- yellow to purple

7. Fixer Fix dissolves all unexposed silver salts in the emulsion
Makes images permanent!
After fixing, film no longer reacts to light.
Image can be seen
Sometimes called “HYPO” sodium hyposulphite/ammonium thiosulphate rapid fixers, works faster

8. Fixer Do not expose film to light until fixing cycle is complete
Fixer contain hardener (potassium alum) –firms and toughens emulsion
Regular fixer 5-10minutes, rapid fixers 2-5 minutes
Wash 60-75° water 10 minutes

9. Hypo clear
Reduce wash time
Saves water

10. Chemical terms
Working life -period of time chemical retains it’s usefulness
Stock solution- concentrate, that is, a solution to be diluted to some lower concentration for actual use
Replenishers- to extend working life

11. Film grain

12. Dilution factors - with diluted developed, better grain results =Longer developing time
Extreme temperatures cause graininess and uneven development

13. Dev tanks can be metal or plastic
Plastic: have Ratchet type reel
Exposed film is wound on reel in darkness

14. Put all equipment in changing bag.
Remove film from canister with can or film opener.
Tanks are light tight when put together correctly.

15. Agitate initially: 30 sec.
Agitation=
Rotation of the tank, for even development
Cycle
Agitate initially: 30 sec.
Then 3 turns every 30 sec.

16. Stop -30 seconds, save Fix – 2 min., save Wash -10 min, cool water
Hypo clear- removes fix chemically- discard & wash
Wetting agent – (Kodak) photo flo prevents beading , watermarks- spots

17. Squeegee between fingers
Dry film: clip both ends to reduce curl , dry 30min w/heat
Keep film dust free (Even small specks of dust can scratch negative)
Cut into 4-6 frame length
Store in sleeves
Hold film by edges
Negative Care
No finger prints!

18. Developing times for D-76 film developer
68 degrees
Stock solution (no water) 6.5 min.
Working solution : mix 1:1, 9.5 min.