Mercantilism to Glorious Revolution

Mercantilism Colonies exist to benefit the parent country through raw materials, markets Colonies exist to benefit the parent country through raw materials, markets Acts of Trade and Navigation ( ) Trade only on English or colonial ships Trade only on English or colonial ships All goods must first travel to English ports All goods must first travel to English ports Specified goods from colonies could only be exported to England (eventually includes most goods) Specified goods from colonies could only be exported to England (eventually includes most goods)

NAVIGATION ACTS England’s Parliament passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts These laws restricted the colonies shipping & trade Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English The colonies were developing a spirit of self- determination. Therefore, they were NOT happy with these restrictions

MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE MERCANTILISM

Effects of Mercantilism POSITIVES N.E. shipbuilding prospers Tobacco monopoly in England Protection of British military forces NEGATIVES Manufacturing limited Chesapeake farmers get low prices for crops High prices on manufactured goods from England British government often lax in enforcement, corruption was rampant.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENING 1700s: An intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment began in Europe and a religious movement known as the Great Awakening started in the Colonies The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and observation and led to the discovery of natural laws Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton were key figures

Colonial Religion Dominance of Protestant Religions Dominance of Protestant Religions Some “ established ” religions Some “ established ” religions – supported by taxes – EVERYONE pays, regardless of faith – policies change by time of Revolution Anglican church--Virginia Anglican church--Virginia Congregational Church-Mass., Conn. Congregational Church-Mass., Conn. Other religions: Other religions: – Jewish: Boston, New York – Presbyterians: New England – Dutch Reformed: New York – Luterans, Mennonites, Quakers: Pennsylvania

Half-Way Covenant 1st generation’s Puritan zeal diluted over time Problem of declining church membership 1662: Half-Way Covenant – partial membership to those not yet converted (usually children/ grandchildren of members) Eventually all welcomed to church, erased distinction of “elect”

Glorious Revolution James ignoring Parliament’s religious laws, James appointed Catholics to government and university positions. Parliament was worried the throne would go to James II son who was to be raised Catholic. Encouraged William of Orange (ruler of the Netherlands who was married to James II daughter Mary) to invade and take over.

This is James II

Glorious Revolution (Cont) James II fled to France when he realized he had little support from England. This peaceful transfer of power was called the Glorious Revolution.

William and Mary William and Mary swore an oath that they would govern the people of England. Parliament passed the Bill of Rights. This passage made it clear that Parliament was in control.

English Bill of Rights [ 1689 ] a It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament. a It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. a It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18 c and early 19 c in England.

English Bill of Rights [ 1689 ] a Main provisions: 1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws. 2. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. 3. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament ’ s consent. 4. Freedom of speech in Parliament. 5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. 6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. 7. The monarch must be a Protestant. 8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. 9. Censorship of the press was dropped. 10. Religious toleration.

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENING A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring devotion & piety swept through the colonies in the mid-1700s Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan priest from New England who was instrumental in the movement Fire & Brimstone style of worship; large, emotionally charged crowds Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the importance of the individual

Jonathan Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 1741 The bow of God ’ s wrath is bent The arrow made ready on the string Justice bends the arrow at your heart And strains the bow Nothing but the mere pleasure of God (that of an angry God without any promise or obligation at all) Keeps the arrow one moment From being made drunk With your blood

Sinners in the Eyes of an Angry God The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked: his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes, than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince; and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment. It is to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep. And there is no other reason to be given, why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God's hand has held you up.  The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked: his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes, than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince; and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment. It is to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep. And there is no other reason to be given, why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God's hand has held you up.