1. Causes of the American Revolution

2. Democratic Ideals in the Colonies
Magna Carta (1215)
English Bill of Rights (1688)
Enlightenment (1700s)
Great Awakening (1740s)

3. Democratic Ideals in the Colonies
Magna Carta (1215)
Limited king’s power Protected private property Right to trial by jury

5. Democratic Ideals in the Colonies
English Bill of Rights (1688)
Guaranteed individual freedoms
Required Parliament to meet often
Without Parliament’s approval, the monarch could not:
(1) raise taxes or
(2) build an army

7. Democratic Ideals in the Colonies
Bicameralism Legislators divided into 2 separate assemblies (chambers or houses)
Upper House (Aristocrats)
Lower House (Commoners)

8. Upper House Wealthier and wiser
Stabilizing force, elected not by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators
Republican nobility to counter what Madison saw as the “fickleness and passion”

9. James Madison
“Use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with more system and with more wisdom, than the popular branch.”

10. Upper House
Framers granted Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, and caution were deemed especially important

11. Upper House Senate chosen by state legislators
Senators had to possess a significant amount of property in order to be deemed worthy and sensible enough
Only in 1913 that 17th Amendment passed, mandating Senators would be elected by popular vote rather than chosen by the State legislatures

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13. Democratic Ideals in the Colonies
The Enlightenment, or
The Age of Reason (1700s)
Emphasis on human reason (philosophy)
Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu
The people can govern themselves (without a monarch, including God!)

14. John Locke
Of Locke's influence Thomas Jefferson wrote: “Bacon, Locke and Newton I consider as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral sciences.”

15. Democratic Ideals in the Colonies
The Great Awakening (1740s)
“Awake thou that sleep, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light.” (Paul to the Ephesians, 5.14)

16. Democratic Ideals in the Colonies
The Great Awakening (1740s)
Religious revival: “Feel the Spirit!”
Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
Direct (individual) experience of the Spirit
Self-directed spirituality
More religious diversity
More religious toleration

18. Sinners Inna Hurns urvin Urngry Gerd
“The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked: His wrath towards you burns like fire; He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else but to be cast into the fire; and yet it is nothing but His hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment.”
(Jonathan Edwards)
Sinners Inna Hurns urvin Urngry Gerd

20. Causes of the American Revolution
Mercantilism
Causes of the American Revolution

21. Policies of Mercantilism:
The Navigation Acts
No country could trade with colonies, unless goods were shipped in either English ships
Crew operating ships had to be at least 75% English/colonial
The colonies could export only to England
Almost all goods traded between colonies and Europe had to go through an English port (taxes!)

22. Crackdown in Massachusetts: The Dominion of New England
Puritan leaders were hostile to royal authority
King James II put the Northern colonies under a single governor, Sir Edmund Andros
“You have no more privileges left you, than not to be sold for slaves.”
Colonists restricted from local assemblies

24. The Glorious Revolution
Problems in England:
The Glorious Revolution
King James: a Roman Catholic who disrespected Protestants and Parliament
Parliament invited William of Orange, the husband of King James’s daughter, to take the throne
William and Mary become king and queen
Parliament passes laws making it more powerful than the monarch

25. Problems in New England:
Colonists Respond to Glorious Revolution (1) Colonists arrest Andros
(2) Parliament restores Mass. Charter
New charter required more religious toleration
Puritans may no longer torture Quakers
Non-puritans required in the colonial congress

26. England Relaxes: Salutary Neglect
As long as colonies were economically loyal to England (mercantilism), English Parliament did not supervise colonies closely
Results in greater colonial self-government
Colonists still considered themselves English citizens