COSMOLOGY The study of the nature of the universe.

Brain Pop: Galileo usscientists/galileogalilei/ usscientists/galileogalilei/

GEORGIA PERFORMANCE STANDARD S6E1 Students will explore the current scientific views of the universe and how those views evolved. (Change only the red terms.)

GPS: S6E1 ELEMENT “A” Relate the nature of science to the progression of basic historical scientific models (geocentric and heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe. (Change only the red terms.)

Geocentric Theory Aristotle ( BCE) Earth is at the Center of it all!

Geocentric Theory and the Ptolemaic Theory Ptolemy- 140 CE Greek astronomer who perfected the theory and made it more popular. It was widely accepted theory for over 1500 years!!

THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY Copernicus Polish astronomer who revolutionized science with his new thinking about how the Sun (NOT THE EARTH!) is the center of our universe.

Galileo and the Heliocentric Theory Italian astronomer Galileo, was one of the first scientists to make careful scientific examinations using a telescope!

1. What theory believed that the earth was the center of the universe? A. Theory of Truth B. Heliocentric Theory C. Earth Theory D. Geocentric Theory

2. What was the instrument used by Galileo to explore the universe? A. The space shuttle B. The telescope C. The Apollo missions D. The microscope

3. What is the name of the model with the Sun in its center? A. geocentric B. Big Bang C. heliocentric D. galactic expansion

4. Who first suggested the Sun- centered solar system? A.Copernicus B.Bryant C.Aristotle D.John Glenn

5. Who wrote books about the idea that the Earth was the center of the universe and that all other planets and also our Sun revolved around it. A. Aristotle B. Ptolemy C. Copernicus G. Galileo

Study Jams “The Universe” ams/jams/science/solar- system/universe.htm ams/jams/science/solar- system/universe.htm Brain Pop “The Big Bang” bigbang/

THE BIG BANG THEORY The theory that states that the universe began about 14 billion years ago through a HUGE explosion and that the universe continues to expand even today.

Stars Formed Next! About 100 million years after the Big Bang, stars began to form. A star is a large ball of super hot gas that self- illuminating. (or lights up by itself) Our Sun is a star!

GALAXIES Clusters of stars that group together. It is estimated that there are approximately 125 billion galaxies in the universe.

3 Shapes of Galaxies Spiral / Disk Elliptical Irregular

GPS S6E1: ELEMENT “B” Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy and the universe. (Change only the red terms.)

Where are we in the Milky Way? Our solar system is located in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy.

The Milky Way Has A Neighbor! The Andromeda Galaxy is part of a binary (or double) system of galaxies including ours.

Brain Pop: The Milky Way and The Solar System e/milkyway/preview.weml e/milkyway/preview.weml e/solarsystem/preview.weml e/solarsystem/preview.weml

Solar System A system of planets and other objects orbiting a star. In our solar system, our star is the Sun.

What Is A Planet? A spherical ball of gas and/or rock that orbits a star. We have 8 planets in our solar system. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Checkpoint 2 1.Why isn’t Pluto considered a planet anymore? A. Scientists changed the definition of planet. B. It has continually grown smaller C. Its orbit is too irregular D. It is not at all like other planets.

2.Why do most astronomers accept the Big Bang Theory? A.Many experiments prove it. B.It is consistent with all the current evidence. C.It just makes sense. D.It is consistent with the heliocentric model.

3.Our galaxy is in the shape of a ________ and is called the ___________ ___________. A.elliptical, Mars Bar B.spiral, Milky Way C.Irregular, Mounds Bar D.spiral, Milk Dudds

4.The widely accepted theory about how the universe formed is called _____? A.The theory of relativity B.The big bang theory C.The universal theory of atom distribution D.The gigantic explosion in space theory.

5. A solar system contains a star which is orbited by spheres of gas or rock called ___? A.Planets B.Stars C.Suns D.Moons

GPS STANDARD S6E1: ELEMENT C Compare and contrast the planets in terms of their size relative to the Earth, their surface, their atmospheric features, their relative distance from the Sun, and their ability to support life. (Change only the red terms.)

GPS STANDARD S6E1: ELEMENT D Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms of relative position. (Change only the red terms.)

Planetary Movements All planets move in a an elliptical shape orbit and counterclockwise direction around the sun.

Revolution and Rotation Review The movement of a body in space around another one is called a revolution. The spinning of an object in space on its axis is called a rotation.

Both Planets and Stars Move Why can’t we see the stars moving the same way we can see planets moving in our night sky?

GPS STANDARD S6E1: ELEMENT E Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in the solar system. (Change only the red terms.)

What Keeps Planets In Orbit? The same force that makes objects on Earth fall to the ground acts everywhere in the universe.

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Scientist Sir Isaac Newton found out that gravity is a force that pulls all objects towards one another on Earth and also in space.

What Keeps The Planets From Being Pulled Into The Sun? Newton discovered another important law called the Universal Law of Motion. It states that an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion.

Inertia The tendency for an object to stay either at rest or in motion is called inertia.

So Why Don’t Planets Or Moons Get Sucked Into A Sun or A Planet? Gravity and inertia work together to balance each other out keeping planets or moons in their orbits.

Gravity, Mass, And Distance The force of attraction between objects, or gravity depends on two things: Mass and Distance

MASS and DISTANCE The amount of matter in an object.

Study Jams: Gravity and Inertia ams/jams/science/solar- system/sgravity-and-inertia.htm ams/jams/science/solar- system/sgravity-and-inertia.htm

Brain Pop: Isaac Newton and Gravity usscientists/isaacnewton/ usscientists/isaacnewton/ onsforcesandtime/gravity/

GPS STANDARD S6E1: ELEMENT F Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors. (Change only the red terms.)

COMETS Celestial bodies made up of ice, dust, and small gritty particles. When they get close to the Sun, they heat up and produce a streak called a tail.

Comets Come From Far Away Places In the Solar System Located in the very edge of the solar system is the Oort cloud. There may be trillions of comets located there! Comets have VERY elliptical orbits.

ASTEROIDS Asteroids are large pieces of space rock with irregular shapes. Most are found between Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt.

The Asteroid Belt

METEOROIDS Meteoroids are pieces of rock or dust that are smaller than asteroids. When they enter Earth’s atmosphere, they usually burn up and produce streaks of light called METEORS.

METEORITES When a meteoroid lands on Earth, we call that a meteorite.

Brain Pop: Asteroids and Comets e/asteroids/ e/asteroids/ e/comets/ e/comets/