What Is Surface Temperature ? 1

What is Surface Temperature? Why is it important? 2

Surface Temperature Is… The radiating temperature of the ground surface 3

Heat Refers to the amount of thermal energy that is transferred between objects in various ways. 4

The rate at which energy is transferred to an object depends on the object’s properties: color of the object type of material surface area Energy Transfer 5

What Factors Affect Surface Temperature? Type of surface Ground cover Buildings Trees Solar radiation 6

Is Surface Temperature linked to the Atmosphere? The temperature of the Earth’s surface will affect the atmosphere Likewise, the temperature of the atmosphere will affect the Earth’s surface 7

Why It This Important? Studying the transfer of heat in the environment is one key to understanding how the Earth system functions and may change in the future. 8

How do GLOBE Measurements Help? Climate Studies Understanding of the energy cycle 9

Energy Transfer 10

Types of Energy Transfer Conduction Convection Radiation 11

Conduction, Convection, Radiation Conduction: caused by motion of molecules in a substance. The object itself doesn’t move, but the kinetic energy (motion) of the molecules in it is transferred through the object or to another object in contact with it. Example: Popping popcorn on the stove top. 12

Conduction, Convection, Radiation Convection: caused by the motion of a fluid, such as air or water, which carries energy with it away from an energy source. Example: Popping popcorn with a hot air popper. 13

Conduction, Convection, Radiation Radiation: caused by emission of electromagnetic waves from an object. Example: Popping popcorn in a microwave. 14

Energy Interaction Energy reaching the Earth’s surface and striking objects is called incident energy. This energy interacts with objects on the surface in one of three ways. 15

Energy Interaction (A) It is absorbed 16

Energy Interaction (R) It is reflected 17

Energy Interaction (T) It is transmitted 18

Energy Interaction Most objects do all three, depending upon frequency 19

EMS 20 The surface of a soap bubble can create a prism effect, breaking white light up into its various colors.

EMS 21 The bubbles refract white light into the colors of visible light: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. You can remember these colors because their initials make the name ROY G. BV.

Our eyes can directly perceive only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). EMS 22 Red Orange Yellow Green BlueViolet

We can gather more information by using other portions of the EMS, such as infrared. EMS 23

EMS 24 Infrared Ultraviolet Infrared is just above Roy’s red “head” Most infrared energy is safe. It conveys heat energy. Ultraviolet is just below Roy’s violet “feet”. Ultraviolet radiation can be harmful.

Energy Interaction 25 Some animals can see beyond “Roy G. Bv.” This shows what a flower might look like to a bee, which can see ultraviolet. Other animals, such as a pit viper, can see infrared. Pit viper

What do we know so far? Energy is transferred by means of conduction, convection, and radiation Energy radiating directly from a source is called incident energy Incident energy may be reflected, transmitted, absorbed, or all three Energy in the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) comes in various wavelengths and frequencies 26

GPS Data must be associated with a location in time/space to be useful We use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to locate our data View the GPS PowerPoint 27

Universal Time Based on the Prime Meridian 6 hours ahead of Central Time Zone 5 hours ahead in Daylight Savings time Written in 24-hour format 8:00 a.m. CDT = ? UT 28

Time for Inquiry What are some ways we can measure energy? What scientific instruments could we use to take these measurements? How could we use our measurements to study energy transfer? 29

Measuring Energy Temperature is a measurement of heat energy. Temperature measures the motion, or “vibration”, of molecules. What is the instrument used to measure temperature? 30

Thermometers Infrared Liquid-filled Bimetallic 31

Calibration Calibration=comparing a measurement to a known quantity to determine an instrument’s accuracy. What known temperature can we use to calibrate our thermometer? 32

Calibration Calibrate liquid-filled thermometer to 0 0 Celsius in an ice-water bath Place the calibrated thermometer and a soil thermometer into room-temperature water Adjust the soil thermometer until it matches the calibrated thermometer. Refer to the GLOBE lab guide for details 33

Calibration Infrared (IR) thermometers are not calibrated; however: They must be acclimated by either (a) placing them in an insulated glove while using, or (b) allowing them to remain outside for 30 minutes before recording measurements. 34

Mapping our Data Look at the surface temperature layer. Are there “hot spots”? Why? Look at the 5cm and 10cm layers. How are they different from the surface layer? Why? 35

GLOBE Data Both surface temperature and soil temperature data may be submitted to GLOBE Refer to the Atmosphere and Soil sections of the GLOBE Teacher’s Guide for protocols, field guides, and data sheets. 36

For Help Lynn Vaughan AMSTI-GLOBE Resource Specialist Robin Nelson AMSTI-GLOBEwww.amsti.org/globe The GLOBE Program Jerry Cobbs AMSTI-GLOBE Resource Specialist