Central Nervous System (CNS)

What is the function of the CNS? 1. Relay messages 2. Process information 3. Analyze information

The Parts of the CNS 1. The Brain 2. The Spinal Cord

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Extracellular fluid of the Nervous System Extracellular fluid of the Nervous System Secreted by ependymal cells Secreted by ependymal cells Recycled 3x a day Recycled 3x a day Functions: Functions: Cushions the brain Cushions the brain Maintain a stable fluid environment Maintain a stable fluid environment

The Nervous System’s Protections Skull and Vertebrae Skull and Vertebrae 3 protective layers called meninges 3 protective layers called meninges 1. Dura Mater (outer layer): consists of connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves. 2. Arachnoid Layer (middle layer): elastic and web-like 3. Pia Mater (inner layer): contains additional nerves and blood vessels. Blood-Brain Barrier Blood-Brain Barrier Special anatomy of CNS capillaries which limit exchange Special anatomy of CNS capillaries which limit exchange Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid Separates the middle and inner layers Separates the middle and inner layers Acts as shock absorber Acts as shock absorber Exchange of nutrients between blood and nervous system Exchange of nutrients between blood and nervous system

Blood-Brain Barrier

The Brain The Brain The brain is the control center of the body The brain is the control center of the body It is about 2% of your body weight BUT receives about 15% of your blood supply and uses: It is about 2% of your body weight BUT receives about 15% of your blood supply and uses: ~20% of your body’s oxygen ~20% of your body’s oxygen ~50% of glucose consumed ~50% of glucose consumed

Parts of the Brain Divided into three main parts: Divided into three main parts: 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Brain Stem

Cerebrum 1. Largest part of the brain – Site of learning and the senses 2 hemispheres- Right and Left 2 hemispheres- Right and Left Connected by the Corpus Callosum Connected by the Corpus Callosum Right side controls left side of body Right side controls left side of body Left side controls right side of body Left side controls right side of body Four sections or LOBES Four sections or LOBES 1. Frontal Lobe 3. Parietal Lobe 2. Occipital Lobe 4.Temporal Lobe 2. Occipital Lobe 4.Temporal Lobe

Frontal Lobe Location: Front area of the cortex Function: Carries out higher mental processes such as thinking, decision- making and planning You use it to make decisions, such as what to eat for breakfast in the morning, as well as, for studying for a test. The frontal lobe is also where our personality is formed and where we can carry out higher mental processes; such as planning. In addition, the frontal lobe is necessary to being able to speak fluently and meaningfully.

Parietal Lobe Location: Upper, middle part of the cortex Function: Processes sensory information that had to do with taste, temperature and touch The parietal lobe carries out some very specific functions. As a part of the cortex, it has a lot of responsibilities and has to be able to process sensory information within seconds. The parietal lobe is where information such as taste, temperature and touch are processed. Humans would not be able to interpret sensations of touch if the parietal lobe was damaged.

Temporal Lobe Location: Bottom, middle part of cortex, right behind the temples and ears. Function: Responsible for processing auditory information from the ears (hearing) The Temporal Lobe mainly revolves around hearing and selective listening. It receives sensory information such as sounds and speech from the ears. It is also key to being able to understand speech. In fact, we would not be able to understand someone talking to us if it wasn't for the temporal lobe. This lobe is special because it makes sense of the all the different sounds being transmitted from the sensory receptors of the ears.

Occipital Lobe Location: Back part of the cortex. Function: Responsible for processing visual information from the eyes. The occipital lobe is important to being able to correctly understand what your eyes are seeing. These lobes have to be very fast to process the rapid information that our eyes are sending. Similar to how the temporal lobe makes sense of auditory information, the occipital lobe makes sense of visual information so that we are able to understand it. If our occipital lobe were injured we would not be able to correctly process visual signals, thus visual confusion would result.

Left vs Right Hemispheres

Corpus Callosum a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.

Gray Matter vs. White Matter Gray Matter – Absence of myelin in masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain – Cerebral Cortex Gray Matter – Absence of myelin in masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain – Cerebral Cortex White Matter - Myelination gives neurons a white appearance – inner layer of cerebrum White Matter - Myelination gives neurons a white appearance – inner layer of cerebrum

CNS: Gray vs White Matter

Cerebellum Second largest Second largest Located below the cerebrum at back of skull Located below the cerebrum at back of skull This part is responsible for the balance and muscle coordination. This part is responsible for the balance and muscle coordination.

Brain Stem Connects the brain to spinal cord and is made up of 2 regions: Connects the brain to spinal cord and is made up of 2 regions: 1. Medulla Oblongata – Controls heart rate, breathing rate and flow of blood through the blood vessels. 2. Pons – Relays signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum

Other Structures inside the Brain Thalamus – receives messages from sensory receptors; relays information to proper regions of cerebrum Thalamus – receives messages from sensory receptors; relays information to proper regions of cerebrum Hypothalamus - Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, controls the pituitary gland for endocrine function Hypothalamus - Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, controls the pituitary gland for endocrine function

Pons Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Cerebrum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebellum Pineal gland Thalamus Section 35-3

Spinal Cord Link between brain and rest of body (via PNS) Link between brain and rest of body (via PNS) Protected by the vertebrae Protected by the vertebrae 31 pairs of spinal nerves (PNS) 31 pairs of spinal nerves (PNS) Reflexes processed directly by spinal cord Reflexes processed directly by spinal cord Reflex – quick, automatic, unconscious responses. This is a result of reflex arcs – which are the shortest nerve pathways. Reflex – quick, automatic, unconscious responses. This is a result of reflex arcs – which are the shortest nerve pathways.

Spinal nerve Central canalGray matter White matter Meninges Section 35-3 Cross Section of the Spinal Cord