13:4 Conflict with Mexico

8.58 Describe the concept of Manifest Destiny and its impact on the developing character of the American nation, including the purpose, challenges and economic incentives for westward expansion Describe American settlements in Texas after 1821 and the causes for the Texas War of Independence, including the roles of David Crockett and Sam Houston in the war and the legacy of the Alamo. Standards

8.61 Describe the major events and impact of the presidency of James K. Polk, including his “Dark Horse” nomination, the settlements of the Oregon boundary, the annexation of Texas, and the acquisition of California through the Mexican War Describe the causes, course, and consequences of the Mexican War, including the controversy over the Rio Grande boundary, the roles played by Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, the Mexican Cession and the Wilmot Proviso. Standards

Explain how Texas became independent from Mexico. Discuss the issues involved in annexing Texas and Oregon. Summarize the main events in the Mexican-American War. Explain how the United States achieved Manifest Destiny. Objectives

Terms and People Stephen Austin – an American who established a small settlement in Mexican-owned Texas; later, he urged Texans to revolt against the Mexican government dictatorship – one-person rule

Terms and People siege – an attack in which one force surrounds a city or fort Sam Houston – commander of the Texas forces during the Texas War for Independence; later, president of the Republic of Texas

Terms and People (continued) annex – add on James K. Polk – U.S. president who negotiated the boundaries of Oregon Country; later, he provoked the Mexican-American War

Terms and People (continued) cede – give up John C. Frémont – an American who took command of the Bear Flag Rebellion in California

What were the causes and effects of the Texas War for Independence and the Mexican-American War? Texans revolted against the Mexican government when it became a dictatorship. The United States and Mexico went to war over a border dispute.

In 1820, Texas’s Spanish governor gave Moses Austin a land grant to establish a colony there. After Moses died, his son, Stephen Austin, led 300 Americans into Texas, shortly before Mexico won independence from Spain.

Mexico agreed to let Austin keep his colony if the colonists abided the following requirements: 1) Obey Mexican laws, 2) Speak Spanish 3) Become Catholic 4) Ban on slavery 5) Become Mexican citizen

Growing Conflict in Texas Religion and Slavery The thousands of Americans who settled in Texas were Protestant, not Catholic. The settlers were also slaveholders who wanted to grow cotton in Texas, but Mexico had abolished slavery. A Ban on Americans In 1830, Mexico banned further American settlement, but Americans kept coming to Texas. Mexico also began to levy heavy taxes on American imports.

In 1833, General Antonio López de Santa Anna became president of Mexico, and he soon started a dictatorship. These events dashed the hopes of: American settlers who wanted more representation in the Mexican legislature. Some Tejanos (Texans of Mexican descent) who wanted a more democratic government.

War began October 1835 in a battle at Gonzales, Texas (Mexican government tried to remove a cannon). Texans declared independence on March 2, The Republic of Texas was established – they modeled their declaration and constitution after the United States (except they made slavery legal).

David Burnet (1) was President and Lorenzo de Zavala (2) was vice President. Sam Houston (3)was named head of the Texas army. Stephen F. Austin (4) went to the United States to seek money and troops

Santa Anna’s troops (a force of thousands) laid siege to the Alamo, a San Antonio mission where 185 Anglo- Americans and Tejanos were gathered.

Battle at the Alamo Texas force of fewer than 200, led by Colonel William Travis, occupied Alamo mission near San Antonio. Volunteers from the US included frontiersman Davy Crocket and Jim Bowie (invented the Bowie knife) From February 23 to March 6, 1846, Texans held out against huge Mexican army. Hoped for a huge army. All defenders killed in Mexican attack on March 6. Some civilians survived.

A few months later, Sam Houston and the Texas forces attacked San Jacinto and captured Santa Anna after a battle which lasted only 15 minutes. They forced him to sign a treaty recognizing Texan independence.

Sam Houston, president of the new Republic of Texas, hoped the United States would annex Texas. Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren would not support annexation, fearing that the addition of a slave state would split the country. Almost 10 years after Texas became independent, it still had not become an American state.

The Presidential Election of 1844 and the Annexation of Texas and Oregon Election of 1844 Whig party nominee Henry Clay tried to avoid the issue of Texas annexation. When campaigning for President, the Democratic party nominee James K. Polk called for the annexation of both Texas and Oregon, and he won the election. Annexation of Texas and Oregon Shortly before Polk took office, President John Tyler asked Congress to annex Texas. Congress voted in favor of the annexation in 1845, and Texas quickly agreed. Polk negotiated with Britain to divide Oregon, and the land the U.S. received eventually became Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

The annexation of Texas increased tensions with Mexico, because it had never formally recognized Texan independence. The United States and Mexico also disagreed on the location of the southern boundary of Texas. Polk offered Mexico 30 million to settle the dispute and to purchase California and New Mexico. Not wanting to cede more land to the United States, Mexico refused Polk’s offer.

Polk then tried to provoke Mexico into war by sending troops into the disputed land. Mexican troops attacked Americans. Congress declared war on Mexico, saying Mexico had forced its hand.

Most Americans, especially southerners and westerners, supported the Mexican-American War. Many northerners were against the war and thought Polk was trying to extend slavery.

Troops attacked Mexico on two fronts. John C. Frémont and Stephen Kearney moved west from Fort Leavenworth to take control of California.

Before they even reached California, settlers near San Francisco began their own armed revolt. The settlers raised a grizzly bear flag and declared California an independent republic. Frémont took command of the Bear Flag Rebellion.

U.S. General Zachary Taylor marched south from the Rio Grande River and defeated a large Mexican force at Buena Vista.

U.S. General Winfield Scott captured Veracruz, an important Mexican port, and then forced the Mexican army into Mexico City. Still, Santa Anna would not surrender.

On the other front, the U.S. Navy blockaded Mexico’s west coast. The navy helped secure California while another fleet in the Gulf of Mexico supported the assault at Veracruz.

Scott and his forces attacked Chapultepec, a stone palace above Mexico city. Like the Texans at the Alamo, the Mexicans fought bravely to defend Chapultepec, but most of them were killed. After that defeat, Santa Anna left Mexico City.

For the Mexican Cession, the U.S. paid $18 million to Mexico. Mexico recognized the U.S. annexation of Texas and ceded a vast territory that included present-day California, Nevada, and Utah, as well as parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The Mexican Cession

In the Gadsen Purchase of 1853, the United States paid Mexico $10 million for a narrow strip of present-day Arizona and New Mexico. The United States had achieved Manifest Destiny.