Plant Reproduction Click to Enter

INSTRUCTIONS Ensure that you complete all activities and worksheets when instructed to do so. The pad icon will indicate when you should fill in your worksheet. Work your way through the presentation by clicking on the background to move to the next page or to activate an animation. The mouse icon will indicate that a click will activate an animation or require buttons to be pressed in the quizzes. You can navigate around the presentation by using the arrow links that appear when you place your cursor on the lower left hand part of the screen. Some slides have embedded movies which will start when you click on the image. The video camera symbol tells you when a movie is available. There is sound so you may want to wear headphones if people are working near you. You can return to the home page by clicking on the clickbiology icon.

Plant Reproduction Home Page 1 4 Flower structure Seed dispersal 5 2 Pollination Germination 3 Fruit development

Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Use the diagram below to complete the labels on the flower structure worksheet stigma anther style stamen pistil filament ovary ovule petal sepal Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Complete the functions table by clicking on the labels to discover their functions stigma anther pistil style stamen filament ovary ovule petal sepal Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Flower Structure Quiz carpel sepal stamen peduncle Click the correct answer #1 What is the name of the structure labelled X in the diagram? carpel sepal X stamen peduncle Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Flower Structure Quiz stigma sepal anther ovary #2 Where is pollen made? stigma sepal anther ovary Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Flower Structure Quiz petals style nectary ovary #3 Where is the ovule found in a flower? petals style nectary ovary Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Flower Structure Quiz X = style, Y = stigma X = filament, Y = anther #4 Which parts of the flower are labelled below: X = style, Y = stigma X X = filament, Y = anther Y X = stigma, Y = style X = anther, Y = filament Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Pollination The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete) Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma Click to view the animation This is an example of cross-pollination as the pollen travels from one flower to a different flower. This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation. Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination

Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects or by wind Use the information in the next two slides to complete the table comparing the adaptations of wind and insect pollinated flowers. Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract insects to them to enable transfer of pollen Pollen has barbs for hooking onto insect fur nectar and a scent present Anthers positioned to rub pollen onto insects Sticky stigma to collect pollen Brightly coloured petals Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure because they do not have to attract insects to them but do need to be exposed to the wind. Pollen grains are very small and light. They occur in very large numbers Anthers are exposed to the wind so that pollen can easily be blown away Stigma are feathery to catch pollen carried on wind Petals are small and green as there is no need to attract insects No scent or nectary Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the anther onto the stigma of the same flower Click to show animation of self-pollination Self-pollination is not desirable as it reduces variation Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either having stigma above stamen or… Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

…by having stamen and stigma mature at different times. Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Click on the icons below to view the summary videos on pollination If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/methods-of-pollination-and-flower-pollinator-relationships.html Pollination Skip to 1:44 when you play this video If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0 Insect pollination Complete the sections in your worksheet describing self-pollination and cross-pollination. Explain the mechanisms employed by plants to prevent self-pollination. Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

#5 Pollination is the transfer from….? Pollination Quiz Click the correct answer #5 Pollination is the transfer from….? the stigma to anther style to stamen ovule to filament anther to stigma Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

#6 The two mechanisms for pollination are? Pollination Quiz #6 The two mechanisms for pollination are? Wind and water Insect and wind Insect and water Wind and birds Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Pollination Quiz #7 Cross-pollination… Increases variation Decreases variation Is only performed by insects Is only performed by wind Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Pollination Quiz #8 Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by… Having bright petals and a scent Having a nectary Having feathery stigmas Having sticky stigmas Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Fertilization and Fruit Development Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Once pollination occurs a pollen tube grows from the pollen grain down through the style to the ovule stigma style pistil ovary Click to view the animation ovule Note: Petals not shown in order to simplify diagram Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Fertilization occurs when the male gamete (sperm from inside the pollen grain) fuses with the ovule (the female gamete) Click to view the animation Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Watch this short introductory video to review fertilization If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVhH2GPlckE Complete the fertilization section of the worksheet

Seed Dispersal Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

After fertilization the petals, stamen and sepals fall off. The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilized egg inside develops into an embryo plant. Endosperm: Food store Testa: tough seed coat Plumule: Embryo shoot Micropyle: Hole made by pollen tube Embryo plant Radicle: Embryo root Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes dormant because metabolic reactions stop. The ovary develops to become a fruit. Fleshy wall of the ovary (Yes, you are eating an adapted ovary when you crunch into an apple!) seed Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Seeds can be dispersed by: Wind Water Mechanical Animals Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent plant in order to reduce competition for space, light, nutrients and water. Seeds can be dispersed by: Wind Water Mechanical Animals

Watch the video on seed dispersal If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xY4JFOSuqvY Fill in the worksheet on the reasons and mechanisms for seed dispersal

Seed dispersal quiz water mechanical wind animal Click the correct answer #9 Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture water mechanical wind animal Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Seed dispersal quiz mechanical animal water wind Click the correct answer #10 Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture mechanical animal water wind Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Seed dispersal quiz water wind animal mechanical Click the correct answer #11 Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture water wind animal mechanical Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Seed dispersal quiz animal mechanical water wind Click the correct answer #12 Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture animal mechanical water wind Flower Structure Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

Germination Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

The seed contains the embryo plant and cotyledons (starch stores—food for the plant) Testa (seed coat) Water enters the seed through the micropyle and activates enzymes. The water also softens the testa to allow it to split. Plumule (embryo shoot) Label the diagram of the seed and describe each part you may need to go back a few slides to the other diagram of the seed also. Radicle (embryo root) Endosperm Micropyle (opening in the seed coat) Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Enzymes are used in seed germination Plumule The enzymes break starch down into maltose and then glucose. The glucose is used in respiration to provide energy for growth starch amylase secreted embryo plant absorbed maltose Radicle This is the first part to grow out of the seed as it needs to absorb more water Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in the cotyledon to provide energy for growth The seedling can now photosynthesise and make its own food light germination Plant growth and development soil Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed: Answer the questions on the worksheet Seed loses weight as it uses up starch stores in the endosperm as the seedling cannot photosynthesise yet Days Dry mass/g Y X Weight increases as the seedling can photosynthesise and plant grows Dry mass is the mass of solid matter with all water removed Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Conditions required for germination Summarize the findings of the experiment shown below 4oC A moist dry Warm B C D E Oxygen present No oxygen No light Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen) Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination

Now use your notes to complete the back page. THE END!! Now use your notes to complete the back page. Packet Due Monday 2/29/16