1. Reproduction of flower plants Watch Video Below
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2. IB ASSESSMENT STATEMENT
9.3.1 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of dicotyledonous animal-pollinated flower and plants.
Know the location and function of following structures
Sepal
Petal
Anther
Filaments
Stigma
Style
ovary
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Structure of Flowers
Function of Flowers
Flowers are reproductive organs.
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Structure of Flowers
Sepals enclose the bud before it opens and protect the flower while it is developing.
Flowers are reproductive organs that include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
Sepal
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Structure of Flowers
Petals are often brightly colored and are found just inside the sepals.
Petals attract insects and other pollinators to the flower.
Petal
Flowers are reproductive organs that include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
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Structure of Flowers
The male parts of a flower consist of an anther and a filament, which together make up the stamen.
Anther
Stamen
Filament
Flowers are reproductive organs that include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
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Structure of Flowers
An anther is an oval sac where meiosis takes place, producing pollen grains (male sex cells).
Anther
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Structure of Flowers
The filament is a long, thin stalk that supports an anther.
Filament
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Structure of Flowers
The innermost floral parts are carpels, also called pistils, which produce the female gametophytes.
Stigma
Carpel
Style
Flowers are reproductive organs that include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
Ovary
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Structure of Flowers
Each carpel has a broad base forming an ovary.
The ovary contains one or more ovules where female sex cells are produced.
Flowers are reproductive organs that include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
Ovary
Ovule
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Structure of Flowers
The narrow stalk of the carpel is the style.
Style
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Structure of Flowers
At the top of the style is the stigma—a sticky portion where pollen grains frequently land.
Stigma
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Structure of Flowers
Parts of a Typical Flower
Stigma
Anther
Stamen
Filament
Carpel
Style
Ovary
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Ovule
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14. Flower structure Stigma Style Ovary Petal Anther Sepal Filament
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

15. IB ASSESSMENT STATEMENT
9.3.1 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of dicotyledonous animal-pollinated flower and plants.
Know the location and function of following structures
Sepal
Petal
Anther
Filaments
Stigma
Style
ovary
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16. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
IB Assessment Statement Distinguish between pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal.
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18. IB Assessment Statement
9.3.2 Distinguish between pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal
Pollination – pollen is transferred from anther to a stigma
Fertilization- After pollination a zygote is formed by the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete inside the plants ovule.
Seed Dispersal – Ovaries develop into a fruit. The function of a fruit is to disperse seeds.
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19. Pollen grains contain the male gametes of the plant
Pollination
Pollen grains contain the male gametes of the plant
They are picked up by a pollinator and transferred to another flower
Plants tend to specialise in pollinators
This ensures the pollen is delivered to same species of plant
Yellow archangel Lamiastrum galobdolon being pollinated by a bumble bee Bombus hortorum
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

20. Small skipper Thymelicus flavus on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris
Pollination
Small skipper Thymelicus flavus on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

21. The honey bee Apis melifera on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris
Pollination
The honey bee Apis melifera on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

22. Most species of flowering plants are hermaphroditic
Pollination
Most species of flowering plants are hermaphroditic
Pollen from a flower could land on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant = self pollination
Pollen transferred from the anther on one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant = cross pollination
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

23. Fertilisation Pollination ≠ Fertilisation
The male gamete (the male nucleus) has to get to the egg cell
The egg cell lies in an ovule in an ovary at the centre of the plant
The pollen grain germinates on the stigma
It grows a pollen tube down the style
It male nuclei travel down the pollen tube to the ovule
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

24. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Fertilisation
The pollen grain germinates on the stigma
It grows a pollen tube down the style
It male nuclei travel down the pollen tube to the ovule
Pollen grains (N)
(male gametophyte)
Stigma
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Fertilisation
The egg cell lies in an ovule in an ovary at the centre of the plant .
Haploid cell
(N)
Ovule
Ovary (2N)
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Fertilisation
Pollen grows a pollen tube down the style
It male nuclei travel down the pollen tube to the ovule
Embryo sac (N)
(female gametophyte)
Sperm
Pollen tube
Egg cell
Polar nuclei
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Fertilisation
The sperm moves from the pollen tube to combine with the egg of the ovule to forma zygote (seed).
Embryo sac (N)
(female gametophyte)
Sperm
Pollen tube
Egg cell
Polar nuclei
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Fertilisation
The sperm moves from the pollen tube to combine with the egg of the ovule to forma zygote (seed).
As the seed develops around the ovary will develop into a fruit. Fruit protects the seed
Endosperm
(3N)
Zygote (2N)
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29. Fertilisation Pollen grain Stigma Style Ovule Embryo sac Ovary
Pollen tube
Ovary
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

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IB ASSESSMENT STATEMENT
9.3.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the external and internal structure of a named dicotyledonous seed. Know the following location and function of the following structures:
Testa
Micorphyle
Embryo root
Embryo shoot
cotyledons
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Seed Germiination
The seed is the means by which an embryo can be dispersed to distant locations. It is a protective structure for the embryo.
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Seed Structure
a) Testa protects the plant embryo and the cotyledon food stores
b) Radicle is the embryonic root
c) Plumule is the embryonic stem
d) Cotyledons contain food store for the seed
e) Micropyle is a hole in the testa ( from pollen tube fertilisation) through which water can enter the seed prior to germination
f) Scar is where the ovule was attached to the carpel wall.
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LE 38-8a
Seed coat
(Testa)
Embryo
Shoots
(plumule)
Radicle
(Embryo
root)
Cotyledons
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35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
IB ASSESSMENT STATEMENT
9.3.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the external and internal structure of a named dicotyledonous seed. Know the following location and function of the following structures:
Testa
Micorphyle
Embryo root
Embryo shoot
cotyledons
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36. IB Assessment Statements
9.3.4.Explain the conditions needed for germinaton of a typical seed.
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Seed Germination
Conditions for the germination of a typical seed.
Seeds require a combination of:
Oxygen for aerobic respiration
Water to metabolically activate the cells
temperature for optimal function of enzymes
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39. IB Assessment Statement
9.3.5 Outline the metabolic processes during seed germination of a starchy seed,
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40. Metabolic processes during germination of a starchy seed.
The metabolic events of seed germination: a) Water absorbed and the activation of cotyledon cells b) Synthesis of gibberellin which is a plant growth substance. (Hormone is some text longer a term used to describe such compounds). c) The gibberellin brings about the synthesis of the carbohydrase enzyme amylase
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41. Metabolic processes during germination of a starchy seed.
The metabolic events of seed germination: d) Starch is hydrolysed to maltose before being absorbed by the embryonic plant e) The maltose can be further hydrolysed to glucose for respiration on polymerised to cellulose for cell wall formation.
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42. Metabolic processes during germination of a starchy seed.
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