Solutions

Solution – A homogeneous mixture in which one substance (solute) is dissolved in another (solvent).

Solutions Processes that form Solutions: Dispersion - Dissociation - Ionization –

Solutions Water as a Solvent Water is a good solvent because it is Polar. Solutions – Animations of Water dissolving Salt

Solutions ”Like Dissolves Like”.

Solutions Water as a Solvent A solution with water as a solvent is called an Aqueous Solution.

Solutions Solubility – Amount of solute dissolved Measured in grams of solute per 100g of Solvent Unsaturated – Can dissolve more Solute Saturated - Unable to dissolve more Solute. Supersaturated – Has dissolved more Solute that possible at that temperature.

Solutions Solubility Curves Solutions – Solubility Curves Solutions – Polarity, Saturated, Solubility Curves

Measuring Solution “Strength” Percent (%) Concentration % Concentration = Mass (g) of Solute Total Mass of Solution Molarity Molarity = Moles of Solute Liters of Solution Solutions and Concentrations (molarity and % concentration) Solutions and Molarity

Solutions % Concentration Determine the percent (%) of a solution that has 45.6g of sugar dissolved in 342 ml of water.

Solutions Molarity Determine the molarity of a solution that has 45.6g of sugar (C 12 H 24 O 11 ) dissolved in 342 ml of water.

Solutions Surface/Groundwater Contamination Metal Ions – Damages Nervous System Accumulates in Tissues Petroleum – Carcinogens Solvents – Chlorinated / Petroleum degreasing compounds Nitrates [ NO 3 - ] – Anoxia; Kills Organisms Phosphates [ PO 4 -3 ] – Anoxia; Kills Organisms

Solutions Acid Mine Drainage [metal ions]

Solutions

Common Pollution Sources

Solutions Common Pollution Sources American cities produce approximately 640,000,000 kg of solid waste/day. Leaching of metal ions into groundwater is a significant problem.

Solutions Common Pollution Sources

Solutions Leaking Underground Storage

Solutions Common Pollution Sources

Solutions Common Pollution Sources

Solutions Love Canal – Niagara Falls, NY

Love Canal – Niagara Falls, NY In 1942, the property was used by Hooker Chemicals and Plastics for disposal of over 21,000 tons of various chemical wastes, including pesticides and dioxin. Dumping ceased in 1952, and in 1953, the landfill was covered and leased to the Niagara Falls Board of Education (NFBE). Afterward, the area near the covered landfill was extensively developed, including the construction of an elementary school and many homes.

Euthrophication in the Sea of Azov

Solutions Anoxia – Fish Kill, Branford River CT

Solutions Brownfields Redevelopment Initiative Federal program to promote economic development by providing funding and oversight to reclaim abandoned industrial/commercial properties that are suspected (confirmed) to be contaminated. Amerbelle Textile Mill Rockville, CT

Solutions

Beacon Mill Village, Beacon Falls (circa 1986) American Hard Rubber 1850s Home Woolen Company Beacon Falls Rubber Shoe Co

Solutions Jenkins Valve Company, Bridgeport CT

Solutions Harbor Yard, Bridgeport

Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

Solutions Industrial Processes (note cutting oils)

Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

Solutions Parker Place Apartments, Wallingford CT (former Singer Sewing Machine Factory)

End of Solutions