© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  What are the major aspects of trait, learning, biological, evolutionary, and humanistic approaches to personality? 13- 2

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Describe yourself to me.

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Trait theory: Seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality ◦ Traits: Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations 13- 4

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities Cardinal trait Major characteristics of an individual Central trait Affect behavior in fewer situations Secondary trait

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Factor analysis: Statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns ◦ Factors: Combinations of traits  Cattell ◦ Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) 13- 6

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Three major dimensions Relates to the degree of sociability Extraversion Encompasses emotional stability Neuroticism Degree to which reality is distorted Psychoticism

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Benefits 1.Provides straightforward descriptors of personality 2.Able to compare individuals based on traits 3.Important influence on the development of several useful personality measures  Drawbacks 1.Concerns about the validity of trait conceptions of personality (i.e., are the traits accurate?) 2.Do not provide explanations for behavior 13- 9

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  B. F. Skinner’s behaviorist approach ◦ Personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns ◦ Humans are infinitely changeable through the process of learning new behavior patterns

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Social cognitive approaches to personality: Theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions and observation of others’ behavior, in determining personality ◦ Self-efficacy: Belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive outcomes  Focused on your “can do” beliefs (i.e., your belief that you can be successful if you try)

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Self-esteem: the component of our personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations ◦ Focused on how you feel about yourself ◦ Relationship harmony: Sense of success in forming close bonds with other people

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Learning theories have: ◦ Helped make personality psychology a scientific venture  By focusing on observable behavior and the effects of their environments ◦ Produced important, successful means of treating a variety of psychological disorders

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Suggest that important components of personality are inherited ◦ Temperament: inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life  A basic innate, disposition  Even if genes are found to be linked to specific personality characteristics, they cannot be viewed as the sole cause of personality  i.e., It’s not just nature, it’s not just nurture, it’s a combination of the two!

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Emphasize people’s innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning  Carl Rogers ◦ Self-actualization: state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential  Self-concepts (i.e., A person’s answers to the question, “Who am I?”) ◦ Unconditional positive regard: Attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer ◦ Conditional positive regard

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Benefits 1.Highlights the uniqueness of human beings 2.Guides the development of a form of therapy designed to alleviate psychological difficulties  Criticisms 1.Difficulty of verifying the basic assumptions of the approach (for example #2 below) 2.Making the assumption that people are basically “good”

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Julian Rotter  Locus of Control: Extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces ◦ Internal locus of control ◦ External locus of control Internal = increased success External = victims & more pessimistic

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  How can we most accurately assess personality?  What are the major types of personality measures?

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively ◦ Reliability: The measurement consistency of a test ◦ Validity: When a test measures what it is designed to measure

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.  Self-report measures: Ask people questions about a sample of their behavior, and they respond (i.e., the individual reports on his/he own experiences) ◦ Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -2 (MMPI-2): self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties ◦ Test standardization: Technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

 Projective personality test: Person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it ◦ Rorschach test (inkblot)  “What do you see? ◦ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)  “Tell me a story about what is happening in this image.”

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.