Chapter 8

Section 1

 Taller buildings because of two factors: Invention of elevators Development of internal steel skeletons to bear the weight of buildings

 Designed the 10- story Wainwright Building in St. Louis  Skyscraper – “proud and soaring thing”  Steel framework supported both floors and walls.

 Landscape architect  Spearheaded movement for planned urban parks. Hoped would soothe the city’s inhabitants and let them enjoy a “natural” setting.

 drew up plans for what is now Central Park, in New York.  1870s – designed landscaping for Washington DC, St. Louis, Boston park system. Video

 Brothers  Bicycle manufactures in Dayton, Ohio  Experimented with new engines Four-cylinder internal combustion engine

 First successful flight on December 17, 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina  120 feet and lasted 12 seconds.  1905 – flights of 24 miles  1920 – first transcontinental airmail service Video

 Developed flexible film, send to studio for processing.  Aimed his product at the masses, not just professional photographers

 1888 – Kodak camera $25 with 100-picture roll Send the camera to factory to develop the pictures for $10. Millions of amateur photographers Field of photojournalism Video

Section 2

 African American educator  Believed racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their value to society.  Graduated from Virginia’s Hampton Institute

 1881 – head of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama Equip African Americans with teaching diplomas and useful skills in agricultural, domestic, or mechanical work. Video C9114C68D430&fromMyDe=0&isPrinterFriendly=0&provider=&isLessonFromHealth=0&productcode=US&isAssigned=false&includeH eader=YES&homeworkGuid=

 st African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard  Founded Niagara Movement Insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the African American community would have well-educated leader Video niagara-movement#web-dubois-and-the-niagara- movement

Section 4

 Middle-Class Americans experience new leisure activities.  Used to escape mundane industrial work.

“I think [bicycling] has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world… It gives women a feeling of freedom and self reliance” – Susan B. Anthony

 Newspapers  Fine Arts  Reading

 Use headlines to catch attention of readers  Joseph Pulitzer – Hungarian immigrant, bought New York World Sunday edition comics, sports coverage, women’s news  William Randolph Hearst – New York Morning Journal – exaggerated tales of personal scandal, cruelty, hypnotism, etc.

 One art gallery in every city  Thomas Eakins – portrayed life as it was, photography  Ashcan School – led by Robert Henry – painted urban life and working people, realism  Libraries

 Most preferred to read light fiction  Dime Novels – glorify adventure tales of the West  Some prefer a more realistic picture of American life Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain)

 Urban Shopping  Department Stores  The Chain Store  Advertising  Catalogs and Rural Free Delivery (RFD)

City Shopping Centers

Marshall Field – “Give the lady what she wants.” Pioneered the “Bargain Basement”

 F.W. Woolworth – offered cheap items and found consumers would buy it on the “spur of the moment” 596 Stores by 1911

 Advertising brought modern consumerism  Newspapers and Magazines

 Ward Catalog in 1872  Sears  By 1910 about 10 million Americans shopped by mail  U.S. Post Office boosted mail-order businesses – 1896 the Post Office introduced Rural Free Delivery – bringing packages to every home.

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