Chemical Compounds in Cells Life Science

Elements Oxygen – O 65% Carbon – C 18.5% Hydrogen – H 9.5% Nitrogen – N 3.2% Calcium – Ca 1.5% Phosphorus – P 1% Potasium – K.4% Sulfur – S.3% Sodium – Na.2% Chlorine – Cl.2% Magnesium – Mg.1%

Compounds Two or more elements chemically combine H 2 O = Water NaCl = salt C 6 H 12 O 6 = Sugar

mixtures Can be separated by physical means Can you separate these things? ◦Salt, wood shavings, paperclips, iron chips, sand ◦If so you have a mixture!!

Organic compounds Carbohydrates – Sugars and starches ◦Supply energy Lipids – Fats, oils, waxes ◦Store large amounts of energy long term ◦Form boundaries around the cell Proteins – enzymes, skin, and Hair ◦Regulate cell processes and build cell structures Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA ◦Carry genetic info and make proteins

Macromolecules Giant molecules – found in living cells ◦Made of thousands of smaller molecules ◦Four main groups of organic macromolecules  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Nucleic Acids  Proteins

Carbohydrates Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Provide the main energy sources for living things ◦Sugars and starches Plants use carbohydrates for structural purposes

Lipids Made mostly from Carbon and Hydrogen atoms ◦Don’t dissolve in water Lipid categories include: ◦Fats, oils, and waxes Used to store energy, make membranes, and waterproof coverings

Nucleic Acids Made of Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Phosphorus Polymers made from monomers of nucleotides Store and transmit hereditary information ◦DNA and RNA

Proteins Made of Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Polymers made of amino acid monomers ◦More than 20 amino acids exist in nature ◦Can be arranged in any order ◦Can be arranged in any number Instructions for making proteins are found in the DNA Uses for proteins: ◦Controlling reaction rates (ENZYMES!!) ◦Build bones and muscles ◦Transport substances in and out of cells ◦Fight diseases

Structure of Proteins Up to four levels of organization in proteins: ◦Level 1: sequence of amino acids in the chain ◦Level 2: amino acids twist or fold in the chain ◦Level 3: the chain twists or folds ◦Level 4: multiple chains twist and fold around each other if present

REVIEW Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things. Describe one function of each group ◦Lipids, carbs, proteins, Nucleic acids Give an example of each type of compound Describe atoms elements and compounds

ANSWERS Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins Carbs – energy Lipids – membranes, store energy Nucleic Acids – hereditary information Proteins – build tissues Carbohydrate – sugar, Lipid – oils, Nucleic Acid – DNA, Protein – enzymes Atoms are the smallest unit of matter Elements are made of all the same atoms Compounds are made of different elements

Inorganic Compounds Water –Makes up most of the body ◦Allows chemical reactions to take place Calcium Phosphate ◦Gives us bone strength Hydrochloric Acid ◦Breaks down food Sodium Bicarbonate ◦Helps digestion Salts – NaCl ◦Helps send messages through the nerves

Moving material in a cell. Passive Transport ◦Movement of material through a Cell Membrane with out the use of energy. ◦Three types  Diffusion – High to Low  Osmosis ◦ Movement of water through a cell membrane  Facilitated Diffusion ◦ Happens only with the help of molecules with in the cell

Moving material in a cell Active Transport ◦The use of energy to move materials through a cell ◦Typically a protein that acts like a escort through the cell membrane  This protein is called a transport protein

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Endocytosis – process where and object is taken into a cell by the cell membrane surrounding the particle. Exocytosis – the opposite of endocytosis, and is used to get rid of large quantities of waste from the cell.

Life energy Found from chemical reactions taking place as food is broken down Total of all chemical reactions is called metabolism ◦This requires enzymes ◦ These enzymes break things down so those things can be used by the cells

Producers make energy Photosynthesis ◦Takes sun light and makes sugars (carbohydrates) which can be used as food.  Excess carbohydrates are stored as starches ie:patatoes ◦6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy --> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Respiration Process where cells break down food molecules into simpler substances and release their stored energy ◦This process requires oxygen ◦Think about the last time you ran the mile in PhyEd… In you note book describe how you felt as you ran and then after you were done.

Breaking of carbohydrates Begins in the cytoplasm Carbs are broken down to sugar Sugar is broken down to energy ◦Mitochondria is the main place where the final breakdown takes place ◦O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  Energy + CO 2 + H 2 O + waste

Fermentation Begins in the cytoplasm Molecules are broken down to sugars Sugars are broken down in the cytoplasm Enzymes + C 6 H 12 O 6  Energy + Lactic Acid This is what makes your muscle cells feel sore after running