Chapter 2: The Brain and Behavior

Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Brain and spinal cord Spinal cord transmits messages between the brain and the rest of the body

Divisions of the Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) Network of long nerves Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

Divisions of the Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Somatic division Somatic division (voluntary) Autonomic division Autonomic division (automatic) Sympathetic (arousal) Parasympathetic (calming)

The Nervous System Pathways in the nervous system: Afferent nerves (sensory nerves): carry messages TO the brain and spinal cord Efferent nerves (motor nerves): carry messages FROM the brain and spinal cord Neural networks: networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory and motor nerves

iRespond Question F Multiple Choice 6F7FDC65-6B15-424C-8ADA-517ACCE4EB16 You are listening to a lecture. Then the bell rings in the hallway. In order to hear this stimulus, ______ neurons must carry electrochemical messages from your ears to your brain. A.) indigent B.) afferent C.) efferent D.) indifferent E.)

Neurons Neurons: nerve cells that process information and allow communication throughout the body Cell body: contains the nucleus Directs the manufacturing of nutrients needed for neural growth and development

Neurons Dendrites: receive messages from other neurons Axons: carry messages destined for other neurons

Neurons Myelin sheath: insulates the axon Increases message speed (thicker = faster) Terminal buttons: send messages to dendrites of receiving neuron

Dendrites are ______. iRespond Question Multiple Choice F 243BD5B1-B9B9-2942-B29D-99A1BA68ECED A.) the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells B.) the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving information from other neurons C.) located inside the cell body D.) the layer of fat cells that encase and insulate the neuron E.)

_____ allows neurons to speed up the transmission of nerve impulses. iRespond Question Multiple Choice F 627E710C-3C28-D84E-A9D4-86B912690444 A.) Resting potential B.) Having more than one cell body C.) The myelin sheath D.) Acetylcholine E.)

The Neural Impulse Resting potential: neuron is negatively charged at rest Action potential: positive electrical charge that sweeps through the neuron

The Neural Impulse All-or–nothing principle: neuron either fires or does not fire (no difference in strength) Must reach a threshold before firing Speed varies based on thickness of myelin sheath and length of neuron

Synapses and Neurotransmitters Synapse: space between axon of sending neuron and dendrites of receiving neuron Neurotransmitters: chemicals that carry messages across the synapse Fit like a lock and key to receptor sites on the receiving neuron

Synapses and Neurotransmitters

Synapses and Neurotransmitters Reuptake: the re-absorption of neurotransmitters Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Brain Structures and Functions

Brain Structures and Functions

Brain Structures and Functions

Brain Structures and Functions

iRespond Question F Multiple Choice 55865A65-04E8-E741-BC3E-2A41FD13B70B If a person's cerebellum were damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have a problem with _____. A.) breathing and heart rate B.) seeing and hearing C.) talking and understanding D.) balance and muscle coordination E.)

iRespond Question F Multiple Choice 709BFF3A-53E3-FB48-8E82-B013AD27186C The most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning, take place in the _____. A.) corpus callosum B.) cerebral cortex C.) cerebellum D.) amygdala E.)

Brain Structures and Functions

The Brain’s Hemispheres Hemispheres: two symmetrical halves of the brain Operates contralaterally Lateralization: the dominance of one hemisphere Left: verbal abilities, thinking, reading, reasoning; sequential Right: visual-spatial, music, emotional expression, drawing; global Communicates via the Corpus Callosum

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Genes and Behavior Chromosome: threadlike structures that contain DNA 23 chromosomes from each parent DNA carries all our genetic information (genes)

Genes and Behavior Dominant-recessive genes principle: dominant genes override recessive genes Recessive genes appear only if both genes in a pair are recessive

Genes and Behavior Polygenetic inheritance: the influence of multiple genes on behavior Behavior genetics: the study of heredity’s influence on behavior Twin studies Adoption studies

Genes and Behavior Genotype: a person’s genetic heritage Phenotype: the individual’s observable characteristics Are a person’s genotype and phenotype always the same? Why or why not?

iRespond Question F Multiple Choice E522C4D4-C0C3-4544-9D0B-F72FBFAC06B8 Molly’s natural hair color is brown but she has had it dyed blonde. Molly changed her _________. A.) phenotype B.) genotype C.) chromosomes D.) genetic heritage E.)