Chapter 9 The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe

Chapter 9, Section 1 The Byzantine Empire

Constantine Creates “New Rome” Constantine rebuilt Byzantium and gave it the name “Constantinople” This was the “New Rome” Constantinople – Became the heart of the empire – Located on the Bosporus between the Mediterranean and Black Seas – Roads fanned out to all areas making Constantinople a center of trade routes

Blending of Cultures After rising to incredible heights, the Byzantine Empire eventually declined to a small area around Constantinople Still lasted for about 1,000 years after the fall of Western Roman Empire Promoted a civilization that blended Greek, Roman, and Christian influences

Byzantium Flourishes Under Justinian Brought the Byzantine Empire to its greatest size Re-conquered areas in Africa, Spain and Italy These victories put a great strain on the kingdom and led to eventual decline Launched a program to beautify the city through art and architecture – Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia Blended Greek, Roman and Persian architecture Hagia Sophia means “Holy Wisdom”

Justinian’s Code Set up a commission to collect, organize, and revise all laws of ancient Rome Was known as Body of Civil Law or Justinian’s Code His code influenced lawmakers well beyond his empire Absolute Power…he was an autocrat…giving him sole rule of the kingdom and church

Economic and Military Strength Empire flourished under strong central government – Exercised strict control over economy Peasants were the backbone of the empire – Paid Taxes – Worked the land – Served as soldiers for the military (one of the strongest in the world)

Empire’s Fortunes Change After Justinian, several groups attacked the empire Persians, Slavs, Vikings, Huns and Turks all attacked and were unsuccessful – The empire served as a buffer for Western Europe – This prevented the spread of Muslim conquests

Byzantine Christianity East (Byzantine) and West Differ – Byzantine clergy kept right to marry (West didn’t) – East language was Greek/West was Latin – East placed less emphasis on Christmas and more on Easter (opposite in West) Church Divides – Great Schism  Byzantine church became known as Eastern, or Greek Orthodox Church Western branch was known as Roman Catholic Church

Empire Suffers Crisis and Collapse Invasions – Normans conquer Southern Italy – Seljuk Turks advance through Asia Minor Crusades – Trade rivalries lead to conflict with Venice – Knights conquer Constantinople during 4 th Crusade Ottoman Attack – Constantinople is captured by Turks (1453)

Byzantine Heritage Preserved Greek and Roman Culture – Greek sciences, philosophy, arts and literature – Produced their own books Extended Roman Law Extended art and architecture – Mosaics brought scenes from the Bible to life Spread influences throughout Europe and led to rise of Russia

Review 1)Who was the leader responsible for creating a “New Rome”? – AConstantine – BMark Antony – CAugustus – DMr. Herthum 2) The Byzantine Heritage blended which cultures? – ARoman and American – BGreek and American – CGreek and Spanish – DGreek and Roman

Chapter 9, Section 2 The Rise of Russia

Geography’s Influence Three Regions  three broad zones with different climates shaped early Russian life – Northern Forest (1 st )  supplied lumber, attracted hunters…Poor soil and a snowy climate hindered farming – Ukraine (2 nd )  home to Russia’s first civilization – Southern Steppe (3 rd )  open, treeless grassland…many pastures for herds and horses

Kiev Grows Strong Slavs settled in the area in small clans during Roman times The Varangians… Vikings who navigated their way out of Scandinavia and up Russian rivers Looking to establish trade routes with the Byzantine Empire Kiev was at the center of those trade routes Slavic and Viking cultures mixed

Byzantines Gain Influence Christian missionaries converted the Slavs to Orthodox…eventually forming Russian Orthodox…Russian rulers controlled the church and name Moscow the 3 rd Rome Greek monks adapted the alphabet to allow for translation of Bible into Slavic language – Cyrillic alphabet  written script that is still used today in Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, and Bulgaria

Byzantines Gain Influence Domed architecture Autocratic rule – Power of the Boyars (wealthy landowners) declined after Mongol invasions – Czars (Caesar) had the ultimate power Ivan III overthrew the Mongols Russians claimed to be the heirs of the Byzantine – Moscow...3 rd Rome Center of Russian Orthodox

Princes Secure Power Kiev gained strength under Vladimir and his son, Yaroslav the Wise Both men won military victories and spread Christianity Yaroslav brought Kiev to its height (Golden Age) Issued a written law code influenced by Justinian’s Code Translated Greek works into Russian Arranged marriages Kiev fell after Yarolsav due to Mongol invasions

Mongols Rule Russia Genghis Khan leads the Golden Horde – Armies of Mongol warriors – Received name from their tents (golden) Genghis’s grandson (Batu) takes over Kiev – They completely destroyed all in their path – Mongols allow Russian ways as long as they pay taxes – Begins a long period of isolationism...brought peace but also postponed development

Moscow Takes the Lead Mongols rulers did not interfere much as long as taxes were paid. – This allowed princes to increase their power (while the cat is away...) Russians under Ivan III (Ivan the Great) overthrow Mongols (Kulikovo ) – Autocratic rule is born

Ivan the Terrible Establishes Absolute Rule Ivan the Terrible (IV)...grandson of Ivan the Great (III) takes the throne in 1547 – Slaughters all who aren’t loyal (paranoid and crazy) – Ivan the Terrible trusted no one and became subject to violent fits of rage – Creates oprichniki (secret police) Enforces his policies These are the people who would slaughter anyone who was un loyal

Chapter 9, Section 3 Shaping Eastern Europe

Geography Shapes Eastern Europe Eastern Europe has been both a buffer and a crossroads for its people Balkan Peninsula – Roughly triangular “arm” of land that juts into the warm Mediterranean Sea – As a result of this geography several groups of people were affected Balkans felt influence from Byzantine Empire leaders

Migrations Contribute to Diversity Many people began settling in Eastern Europe because it was easy to travel there – This resulted in cultural diffusion Slavs spread to present day Belarus West Slavs filtered to present day Poland and the Czech South Slavs occupied the Balkan Peninsula

Christians Influence the Region Several powerful neighboring states exposed their power through religious influences on Eastern Europe Byzantine missionaries spread Eastern Orthodox Christianity throughout Balkans German missionaries spread Roman Catholic Christianity to Poland

Three Early Kingdoms Develop Poland, Hungary, Serbia turned into the three major kingdoms in Eastern Europe Poland – ’s  Polish king was crowned – Became largest state in Europe – Declined because they had no central government – Eventually was taken over and disappeared

Three Kingdoms Develop Hungary – The Magyars settled in Hungary – They adopted Roman Catholicism – Hungarian King was forced to sign a document recognizing the power of the nobles – This was called “Golden Bull of 1222”  Limited royal power – Mongols eventually took over Hungary in 1241 killing half of its population

Three Kingdoms Develop Serbs Serbs – Late 800s  Serbs accepted Orthodox Christianity – Late 1100s  Serbs set up their own state – Reached its height in 1300s under the rule of Stefan Dusan Dusan modeled his law code from Justinian but encouraged Byzantine culture Dusan’s followers could not keep this state alive and it eventually declined