1. Who ruled China? 2. What type of relationship did the Chinese ruler want with the western powers? 3. How did Great Britain get China to trade with them? 4. Who fought in the Opium Wars? Who won? 5. What countries had established a strong presence in China after the Opium Wars? 6. Why were Chinese starving in China during this time? 7. What were the policies of the Empress Cixi? 8. After rebellions started to challenge the Qing government, what group began to attack any foreigners especially westerners living in China? 9. What was the result of this rebellion? 10. Did the ruler of China make any reforms as a result of this rebellion? Were they successful? 11. Who was Sun Yat-sen (SunYixian)? 12. What was his plan for China? 13. What type of government was set in place by him?

1. Who ruled China?

In 1793, the Qing Emperor (Qianlong, above left) received an ambassador (Lord George McCartney, right) from Great Britain, but rejects the importation of goods from the British saying they were not interested in the “strange objects” offered from the West. 2 What type of relationship did the Chinese ruler want with the western powers?

 China rejected offers of trade from the West because it was largely self-sufficient in many ways: ◦ Agriculture  Quick-growing strain of rice since the 11 th century  Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts since 17 th /18 th centuries ◦ Natural Resources  Salt, tin, silver, and iron ◦ Manufacturing  Silks, high-quality cottons, fine porcelain

 European merchants decided to sell the drug opium (a narcotic derived from the opium poppy plant) in China.  By 1835, as many as 12 million Chinese were addicted

 The Qing emperor was angry about the drug trade coming from the British.  The British gov’t ignored his pleas for help.  The Opium War broke out between Britain and China in 1839  It was fought mainly at sea.

 The Chinese were no match for Britain’s steam-powered gun boats.  The Treaty of Nanjing is signed in  China was forced to open several ports to trade.

 British get Hong Kong

 The British and U.S. enjoyed extraterritorial rights, which meant that British/American citizens were not subject to Chinese laws, but, if accused of a crime in Chinese trading ports!  This arrangement protected Europeans and Americans from prosecution for drug smuggling.

 GERMANY, FRANCE, RUSSIA, GREAT BRITAIN) and JAPAN gained areas in China where they controlled trade and investment.  The U.S., having no sphere of influence, declared its Open Door Policy demanding free trade for all nations in China.

 Population grew to 430 million by 1850, a 30 percent increase in 60 years.  Food production did not keep up with an increase in population.  Discouragement increased opium addiction  Chinese began to rebel against the Qing Dynasty…

 Dowager Empress Cixi held power in China from  She resisted change was committed to Chinese traditional values.

 Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”  By 1850s, Hong organized a massive peasant army and took control over large areas of southeastern China in the Taiping Rebellion  By 1864 the rebellion was put down, but at least 20 million people died in the rebellion.

 1898, Emperor Guangxu took power after the retirement of EMPRESS CIXI  He introduced measures to modernize China’s educational system, economy, military, and government Emperor Guangxu (center)

 Qing officials saw these innovations as a threat and called on the Dowager Empress Cixi to act.  She had her nephew, Guangxu, arrested and reversed his reforms. Emperor Guangxu (center)

 The “Boxers” carried out a campaign against all foreigners known as the Boxer Rebellion.  The Boxers murdered Europeans, missionaries, and diplomats, as well as many Chinese Christians, both Protestant and Catholic. The Boxers, by Johannes Koekkoek, circa 1900

 Aug., 1900—19,000 western European troops marched on Beijing and defeated the Boxers.  Although the Boxer Rebellion failed to expel foreign influence, the Chinese had a renewed sense of nationalism and realization that they must resist foreign influence. A Boxer during the revolt.

 1905 Dowager Empress sent out a delegation to study the operation of different governments.  1906 A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY was suggested.  A national assembly was convened within a year, but CHANGE WAS TOO SLOW.

 Sun Yixian (Sun Yat- sen) was the leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party Sun Yixian ◦ He was a U.S. educated doctor

 He pushed for: modernization & nationalization of a DEMOCRATIC China. ◦ BY 1911, the Nationalists WOULD overthrow the last Qing emperor.

◦ In 1911, the Nationalists overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty. ◦ Sun Yixian/Sun Yat- sen installed a REPUBLIC and was elected CHINA’S 1 ST president! Sun Yixian

1. Who was the head of Japanese gov’t during the late 19 th century? 2. What type of government was this? 3. Who was Matthew Perry? What did he do? 4. What was the response of the Japanese government to Perry? 5. Why did the Japanese gov’t choose to respond in this way? 6. What was the reaction of the Japanese nationalists? 7. What was the Japanese nationalists’ plan for Japan? 8. What actions did they take? 9. Who was placed at the head of the newly reformed Japanese government? 10. What type of government was this? 11. What were some of the reforms put in place by the new government? 12. Was the Meiji Restoration successful? Why?

Japan followed the model of Western powers by industrializing and expanding its foreign influence.

 The TOKUGAWA SHOGUN ruled Japan from 1603 until 1868 – also known as the Edo period

 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY ◦ ABSOLUTE POWER was held by the SHOGUN ◦ The Meiji emperor had no power

Shogun Daimyo Samurai – lived by Bushido, the “way of the warrior” (chivalric code); military protectors of the Daimyo Samurai Peasants, Merchants, etc. Daimyo -were the powerful feudal lords/LANDOWNERS who ruled most of the country from their vast, hereditary land holdings.lords

 1853—Commodore Matthew Perry (takes four ships to Tokyo harbor) requested free trade between Japan and United States. Not to be confused with THIS Matthew Perry.

 The Shogun signed a treaty which opened two ports to U.S. ships and allowed a U.S. diplomat to stay in Japan.

 Because the U.S. had more modern weaponry, the Tokugawa shogun decided that he has no choice but to agree to Perry’s wishes.

 Nationalists were very ANGRY! Because the Shogun had shown weakness by allowing foreigners to come into Japan freely.

The shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, in 1867Tokugawa Yoshinobu  The nationalists planned to remove the Shogun from power.

 They quickly deposed the Shogun and called for the RESTORATION of the Meiji Emperor as the head of state. The Meiji Restoration of 1867

 The Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) was restored as head of the new government but the nationalist leaders themselves ruled in the name of the Emperor.

A constitutional monarchy

Meiji Constitution set up a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

 The Meiji emperor realized the best way to counter Western influence was to modernize.  The Japanese chose the best of Western ways and adapted them to their own country.

Allegory of the New fighting the Old in early Meiji Japan, circa 1870.

1.Patterned Germany’s STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND USED ITS CONSTITUTION as a model. 2.Used German army as a model for their ARMY 3.Used British navy as a model for their NAVY 4.Adopted more MODERN TECHNOLOGY/WEAPONS/INDUSTRY 5.Used American system of UNIVERSAL EDUCATION for their schools.

The Tokyo Koishikawa Arsenal was established in 1871.TokyoKoishikawa Arsenal

Yes! JAPAN STRENGTHENED ITS ECONOMIC AND MILITARY POWER! JAPAN BECAME AN EMPIRE BUILDER!

13. How does the Japanese nationalist movement compare to the Chinese one?