PHILOSOPHERS OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Adam Smith English Economist Late 1700s

Smith’s Ideas Wrote The Wealth of Nations Believed in Laissez-Faire Economics –The economy will take care of itself –Government doesn’t need to help the economy –If people act in their own self-interest, that is what is best for the economy (society benefits)

The Free Market

John Stuart Mill English Economist Mid 1800s

Mill’s Philosophy The problems of industrialization needed to be reformed

Government should –Protect workers –give voting rights –improve education for both men and women –intervene in the case of abuse of workers Mill continued

Mill’s ideas continued People should –form labor unions

Charles Darwin British Biologist Mid 1800s

Darwin’s Philosophy Wrote On the Origin of the Species Life changes over time –Animals evolve –They go from simple to complex –They learn to adapt to their environment –Nature makes sure only the fittest survive to reproduce. This makes the species stronger. This is called natural selection.

Human Evolution Sequence Pictures & Information

Darwin’s Ideas Revised People in the industrial world used Darwin’s ideas and created Social Darwinism (Darwinism applied to people) It was used to justify the inequality between the rich and the poor

Social Darwinism’s Ideas Life changes over time –People evolve –They go from simple to complex –They learn to adapt to their environment –Nature makes sure only the fittest survive to reproduce. This makes the species stronger.

Karl Marx German Economist Mid 1800s Founder of Communism

Marx’s philosophy Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Fredrick Engels Believed the government should own all land and all the means of production Government should then control all aspects of the economy Everyone would work and be provided a reasonable life

Marx’s Ideas The world is divided into the “haves” and the “have nots” The proletariats are the “have nots” (they are the unappreciated workers)

The bourgeoisie are the “haves” (the middle class)

The poor get poorer until they can’t stand it and then they rebel

The Communist Manifesto –Marxism – Radical Socialism –Human society divided into warring classes Bourgeoisie (“haves”) –Controlled means of production Proletariat (“have nots”) –Performed backbreaking labor in terrible conditions –Predicted workers would overthrow owners

Communist Manifesto cont… Proletariat revolts & takes power –Seize power of factories/mills & gov’t –Produce only what society needed –Economic equality for all Communism – a form of complete socialism in which the means of production owned by the people. No private property All goods/services shared equally

Marx Quotes “From each according to his ability; to each according to his need.” “Workers of the world unite. You have nothing to lose but your chains.”

Auguste Comte French Philosopher Founder of sociology Says groups behave in certain ways They follow general scientific principles

Sigmund Freud Austrian Physician Developed psychoanalysis Said people’s minds are made up of three related parts –Id (animal instincts) –SuperEgo (conscience) –Ego (reason)

Ivan Pavlov Russian Psychologist Experimented with conditioned response This explains conscious vs. unconscious behavior Did his experiments with dogs made them salivate at the sound of a bell