INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 8-Hour Training Course

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Eight-Hour Training Course Module 1Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials Module 2 What Workers Need to Know about Nanomaterial Toxicology Module 3Assessing Exposure to Nanomaterials in the Workplace Module 4Controlling Exposure to Nanomaterials LUNCH (on your own) Module 5 Risk Management Approaches for Nanomaterial Workplaces Module 6 Regulations and Standards Relevant to Nanomaterial Workplaces Module 7Tools and Resources for Further Study 1-3

Lesson Overview Purpose To provide workers with introductory information about nanotechnology and nanomaterials Topics 1.How small is a nanometer? 2.Definitions and commonly used terms 3.How is the nanoscale different from the macroscale or the atomic scale? 4.Major classes of nanomaterials and their benefits 1-4

Learning Objectives At the end of this module you should be able to Contrast objects at the nanoscale with larger and smaller forms of matter Define key terms in nanotechnology Explain some of the ways nanomaterial properties differ from molecules and microscale particles Describe some of the physical and chemical characteristics that can change at the nanoscale Describe some of the major classes of nanomaterials produced today and their properties and potential benefits 1-5

H OW SMALL IS A NANOMETER ? Topic 1

Topic 1: How small is a nanometer? 1 nm = m = m = one billionth meter 1-7

Handout 1 Courtesy Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. DOE 1-8

D EFINITIONS AND COMMONLY USED TERMS Topic 2

Topic 2: Definitions and Commonly Used Terms Key terms: nanotechnology, nanoscale, nanomaterial, nanoparticle, nanofiber There are several standard definitions for each of these GROUP ACTIVITY (See Handout 2) In groups of 3-5, find similarities and differences among the definitions of nanotechnology, nanoparticle and nanomaterial published by ASTM, BSI and OSHA. 1-10

Policy Statement on Health Canada's Working Definition for Nanomaterial Health Canada considers any manufactured substance or product and any component material, ingredient, device, or structure to be nanomaterial if: It is at or within the nanoscale in at least one external dimension, or has internal or surface structure at the nanoscale, or; It is smaller or larger than the nanoscale in all dimensions and exhibits one or more nanoscale properties/phenomena. For the purposes of this definition: The term "nanoscale" means 1 to 100 nanometres, inclusive; The term "nanoscale properties/phenomena" means properties which are attributable to size and their effects; these properties are distinguishable from the chemical or physical properties of individual atoms, individual molecules and bulk material; and, The term "manufactured" includes engineering processes and the control of matter.

Flowchart for Nanotechnology Terms 1-12

What is it? 1.5 nm x 1.5 nm x 10  m 60 nm diameter (57 nm core: 3 nm shell) Large voids: >200 nm diameter Small inner pores: ~60 nm diameter 1-13 Nanofiber OR Nanomaterial Nanoparticle OR Nanomaterial Nanostructured material

Different Types of Nanomaterials Naturally Occurring Human Origin (Incidental) Human Origin (Engineered) Forest firesCooking smokeMetals Sea sprayDiesel exhaustQuantum dots Mineral compositesWelding fumesBuckyballs/Nanotubes Volcanic ashIndustrial effluentsSunscreen pigments VirusesSandblastingNanocapsules Nanotechnology 1-14

H OW IS THE NANOSCALE DIFFERENT FROM THE MACROSCALE OR THE ATOMIC SCALE ? Topic 3

Topic 3: How is the nanoscale different from the macroscale or the atomic scale? Baseball: ~2.8 inches in diameterSoftball: ~3.8 inches in diameter 1-16

Nanomaterial Properties Can Change with Size The nanoworld At the nanometer scale, fundamental physical and chemical properties depend on the size of the object. 1-17

Early Nanotechnologists Lycurgus Cup

Would you buy this gold? Bulk Gold (Au) = Yellow Conductive Nonmagnetic Chemically inert Nano Gold = Red Loses conductivity at ~ 1-3 nm Becomes magnetic ~ 3 nm Explosive and catalytic! Gold (~ 10 nm) 1-19

Physical and Chemical Properties that can Change at the Nanoscale Color Melting temperature Crystal structure Chemical reactivity Electrical conductivity Magnetism Mechanical strength … 1-20

Some Other Size-Dependent Properties Fe 3 O 4, Magnetite (4 nm) Magnetism Emission CdSe (8 nm) 1-21

Nanomaterials Exhibit Diversity in… Form or shape Chemical composition Surface treatments 1-22

Surface Area is a Big Factor ¼ m 1 m GOLD Each side =1 m Mass ≈ 19,500 kg Surface Area (SA) = 6 m 2 ≈ 8 ft x 8 ft room Each side =1/4 m Mass ≈ 19,500 kg SA = 24 m 2 Each side =1 nm Mass ≈ 19,500 kg SA = 6.4 billion m 2 ≈ 6400 km 2 Prince Edward Island= 5660 km

M AJOR CLASSES OF NANOMATERIALS AND THEIR BENEFITS Topic 4

Major Classes of Nanomaterials and Sample Applications CategoryChemical CompositionProduct example Fullerenes, Nanotubes; Nanowires carbon, boron nitridesAnti-static fabrics Metalssilver, gold, iron, copper Anti-microbial wound dressings Ceramics (metal oxides) titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, cerium oxide Sunscreen filters, self- cleaning glass Semiconductors (Quantum dots) cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride Medical imaging agents Polymerichydrocarbon polymersDrug delivery devices 1-25

Detecting Cancer Cells Breast Cancer Res Treat (2010) 120:547–555 with nanoshells without nanoshells normalHER2- cancer HER2+ cancer without nanoshells with nanoshells What is it? Small SiO 2 (silica) sphere with thin gold coating Advantages Enhances the detection of cancer cells in real time Why Nano? Particle size affects its response to light 1-26

Self-Cleaning Glass What is it? Thin film of titanium dioxide bonded to glass Advantages Reduces energy usage Self-cleaning glass PPG Industries Reduces cost and effort of cleaning glass Why Nano? Film doesn’t change glass color Nano-size enhances the photocatalytic effect 1-27

Small Change, Big Savings What is it? Thin film of polymer bonded to paint Advantages Reduces friction-causing debris build-up on plane surface Reduces fuel consumption 1-2%  ~$22 million Why Nano? Film adds a mere 4 oz to weight of the jet (compared to 176 pounds of paint) 1-28

Balancing the Benefits and Risks Nanomaterials’ special physical and chemical properties may lead to unexpected interactions with biological and environmental systems. 1-29

Learning Objectives At the end of this module you should be able to Contrast objects at the nanoscale with larger and smaller forms of matter Define key terms in nanotechnology Explain some of the ways nanomaterial properties differ from molecules and microscale particles Describe some of the physical and chemical characteristics that can change at the nanoscale Describe some of the major classes of nanomaterials produced today and their properties and potential benefits 1-30

Eight-Hour Training Course Module 1Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials Module 2 What Workers Need to Know about Nanomaterial Toxicology Module 3Assessing Exposure to Nanomaterials in the Workplace Module 4Controlling Exposure to Nanomaterials LUNCH (on your own) Module 5 Risk Management Approaches for Nanomaterial Workplaces Module 6 Regulations and Standards Relevant to Nanomaterial Workplaces Module 7Tools and Resources for Further Study 1-31