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2.  Ali Noor (2015-ag-3477) (Department of Physics) University of Agriculture Faisalabad 2

3. Title: The influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles on germination parameters and seedling growth of wheat

4. Nanotechnalogy is establishment of useful tool and systems through control of material on nano scale. Nanoparticles are the particles having size ranges` somewhere around 1 and 100 nanometer.  Three dimensional space showing the relationships among 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D nanomaterials.

5.  0D: All the dimensions at nanoscale (Quantum dots)  1D: Two dimensions at the nanoscale but one dimension at the macroscale (Nanotubes)  2D:One dimension at the nanoscale but two dimension at macroscale (Quantumwell)  3D: No dimensions at the nanoscale all Dimensions at the macroscale (Bulk material)

6. Properties of Nanomaterials  Physical Properties  Chemical Properties  Electrical Properties  Magnetic Properties

7. Applications of Nanomaterial  Electronic Industry  Energy Sources  Fabrication of Nonmaterial  Agriculture

8. Germination  Is the process by which a plant grows from a seed.The life of plant is begins from a tiny seed Seed structure  Seed coat  Embryo

9. Conditions Required for the growth of seed  Moisture  Warmth  Nutrient rich soil  Sunlight  Good quality seed

10. zinc oxide nanoparticle can have positive or negative effects on wheat depending on their nature and concentration. The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the sample of wheat plants will be examined. In order to find out impacts, different concentration of synthesized nanoparticles on wheat plant will be applied. The results will be concluded by comparing the treated sample of wheat plants with controlled sample of wheat plants.

11. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ZnO Crystalline ZnO has a wurtzite (B4) crystal structure at ambient conditions. The ZnO wurtzite structure has a hexagonal unit cell with two lattice parameters, a and c, and belongs to the space group of C46V or P63mc. clearly shows that the structure is composed of two interpenetrating hexagonal closed packed (hcp) sub lattices, in which each consist of one type of atom (Zn or O) displaced with respect to each other along the threefold c-axis.

13. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using various routes. The sol–gel method proved a successful synthetic route in terms of its cost, ease of handling, reliability,repeatability,and environmental friendliness. Moreover, with detailed review, it is confirmed that the various applications of ZnO nanoparticles depend upon the control of both physical and chemical properties such as size, size dispersity, shape, surface state, crystal structure, organization onto a support, and dispensability. sol–gel method

14. In addition, these factors mainly depend upon the synthetic method. Therefore, shape, size, and disparity can be controlled by tuning different parameters during the synthesis process, e.g., the precursor type and concentration, types of capping molecule, types of solvent, reaction time, and reaction temperature.

15. Regarding future aspect of ZnO nanoparticles, we conclude that although there are various reports regarding ZnO nanoparticles with various shapes and sizes, there is still a lack of quality synthesis in terms of crystallinity, size, and sphericity of the particles and the non-organic solvent. Future Aspect

16. ZnO nanoparticles used in cosmetic applications also require non-photo catalytic activity, which can be hindered by the uniform surface coating of ZnO nanoparticles by silica or other molecules, and toxicity to the human skin is also a main concern. Application of ZnO nanoparticles in the biological realm requires high quality ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous solution at neutral pH and physiological temperature, because bio molecules are very sensitive to changes in temperature and pH.

17. Aims and Objective The aims of present research work are  To examine the influence of zinc oxides nanoparticles on wheat plants  To compare and monitor the various parameters with the control samples for any positive or negative effects on wheat samples.