1. Module A-2: SYNTHESIS & ASSEMBLY

2. Size – Dependent Properties

3. Electronic Energy Band

4. Size-Dependent Properties

5. Nanoscale: High Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

6. Dimensions of Materials

7. Size – Dependent Properties
• Nanoscale sizes can lead to different physical and chemical properties
- Optical properties
- Bandgap
- Melting point
- Surface reactivity
• Even when such nanoparticles are consolidated into macroscale solids, new properties of bulk materials are possible.
- Example: enhanced plasticity

8. Melting Point
The melting point of gold particles decreases dramatically as the particle size gets below 5 nm
Source: Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, Wiley, 2001

9. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes

10. Nanoparticle Synthesis

11. Nanoparticle Properties

12. Monodisperse Nanoparticles

13. Monodisperse Silver Nanoparticles

14. 1D Monodisperse Nanorods

15. 3D Nanotetrapods

16. Nanotetrapods

17. Solution Phase Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

18. Building Blocks (BBs)

19. Building blocks of nanostructured materials
Synthesis of nanoscale materials can be divided into wet and dry methods.
By dry methods the material is made in solid form from vapor phase precursors and used directly in the form it was made.
By wet methods materials are made by chemical reactions in solution or on a solid support, and separation of the desired material from unwanted solid or liquid materials is necessary

20. The Building Blocks (BBs)
Metal nanoparticles and nanowires
Nanotubes
Semiconductor nanospheres, rods, wires, etc.
Carbon nanotubes
Organic BBs - DNA, proteins, etc.
Cells, viruses, etc.

21. Nanoparticle Synthesis
Colloidal metal and colloidal semiconductor particles are made from solutions of precursor chemical compounds by chemical reactions that produce the insoluble metal or semiconductor particles.
For gold nanoparticles the reaction is reduction of gold ions by citrate ions in aqueous solution.
Au3+ + citrate ---> Au0 + oxidized citrate

22. Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Laboratory

23. Solution Phase Quantum-Dot Synthesis

24. Monodisperse QD Synthesis

25. Hot Solvent-Injection Synthesis

26. Low-Resolution Monodisperse QDs

27. High-Resolution Monodisperse QDs

28. High-Resolution Monodisperse QDs

29. Optical Properties

30. Optical Properties

31. Building Blocks (BBs) and Self Assembly
Many factors must be considered when we approach the bottom-up nanomanufacturing by self assembly – including BBs, forces on BBs, and functional nanotechnological applications.
Forces on BBs

32. Strategies for Nanostructure Fabrication
Bottom-up approach for nanostructures using nano- particles as building blocks
Example: Opals: The fascinating interference colors stems from Bragg diffraction of light by the regular lattice of silica particles nm in diameter.

33. Attractive Features of Self-Assembly
Self-assembly proceeds spontaneously
The self-assembled structure is close to thermodynamic equilibrium
Self-assembly tends to have less defects, with self-healing capability

34. Why Should We Deal With Self Assembly?
Like atoms or molecules, nanocrystals can be treated as artificial atoms and used as the building blocks of condensed matter.
Assembling nanocrystals into solids opens up the possibilities of fabricating new solid-state materials and devices with novel or enhanced physical and chemical
properties, as interactions between proximal nano crystals give rise to new collective phenomena.

35. Stabilization Of Colloids
Fundamental problem: The thermodynamically stable state of metals, semiconductors, and polymers is bulk material, not colloidal particles. Stable colloidal dispersions require an interfacial stabilizer, which is a chemical that reduces the interfacial free energy between the particle and the solvent and makes short range forces between the particles repulsive.
R. P. Andres
Science (1996)

36. Gold Colloidal Nanoparticles
In the case of our gold nanoparticles, the stabilizer is citrate ion, whose negative charge is opposite to that of positive gold ions on the particle surface. The excess negative charge due to adsorption of citrate on the surface of the particles makes the particles repel one another. Our polystyrene latex also is charge stabilized. Dissociation of a fraction of the sodium ions of the sodium 4-styrenesulfonate units of the poly-mer leaves the particles with a negative charge.
The stabilizer often is a surfactant, which is a chemical compound such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) whose structure has one end that is chemically attracted to the particle and the other end chemically attract-ed to the solvent. However, there are no sur- factants in our gold nanoparticle and polystyrene latex preparations.
R. P. Andres, Science (1996)