1. Introduction: Classification and Properties of Materials
Lecture 1

2. Classification List the Major Types of MATERIALS That You Know: METALS
CERAMICS
POLYMERS
COMPOSITES
ADVANCED MATERIALS

3. Classification of Materials
Polymers
Plastics, Wood, Cotton (rayon, nylon), “glue”
Composites
Glass Fiber-reinforced polymers, Carbon Fiber-reinforced polymers, Metal Matrix Composites, etc.
Metals
Steel, Cast Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Titanium, many others
Ceramics
Glass,Cement,Concrete, Brick, Alumina, Zirconia, SiN, SiC.

4. Classification of Materials
Metals and alloys:
Composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen)
relatively dense
relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture
high thermal & electrical conductivity
good magnetic properties
opaque, reflective
Metals have high thermal & electrical conductivity because valence electrons are free to roam

5. Classification of Materials
Ceramics:
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
For example, some of the common ceramics:
Aluminum oxide (or alumina,Al2O3)
Silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2)
Silicon carbide (SiC)
cement and glass
Metals have high thermal & electrical conductivity because valence electrons are free to roam
relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the metals
typically very hard but they are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture
They are insulative to the passage of heat and electricity but can be made electrically conductive
resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals
Magnetic Property( Fe2O3);

6. Classification of Materials
Polymers:
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (viz. O, N, and Si).
Metals have high thermal & electrical conductivity because valence electrons are free to roam
low densities
not as stiff nor as strong as other material types
are extremely ductile
soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures,
they have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic

7. Classification of Materials
Composites:
A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials,
which come from the categories discussed above—
viz., metals, ceramics, and polymers
One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass,
Small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or polyester)
The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle),
whereas the polymer is more flexible.
Thus, fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong (Figures 1.4 and 1.5) and flexible. In addition, it has a low density (Figure 1.3).
Metals have high thermal & electrical conductivity because valence electrons are free to roam

8. Comparison of Properties

9. Comparison of Properties

10. Comparison of Properties

11. Comparison of Properties

12. Comparison of Properties

13. Classification of Materials
Advanced Materials:
Semiconductor Materials
Biomaterials
Materials For Future
-Smart Materials ---- Nano-engineered Materials
Metals have high thermal & electrical conductivity because valence electrons are free to roam

14. Semiconductors
Solar Cells
OLED
Technology

15. Biomaterials Example – Hip Implant
With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate. Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

16. Smart Materials Actuators Sensors
Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators:
1. shape memory alloys,
2. piezoelectric ceramics,
3. magnetostrictive materials, and
4. electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids.
Materials/devices employed as sensors include optical fibers , piezoelectric materials (including some polymers), and micro-electromechanical devices (MEMS)
Sensors

17. Nano Materials Size Comparisons
The diameter of your hair is approximately 50, ,000 nanometers
Your finger nail grows 1 nanometer in 1 second
A line of ten hydrogen atoms lined up side by side is 1 nanometer long

18. COMPUTING Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Faster processing speeds: miniaturization allows more transistors to be packed on a computer chip
More memory: nanosized features on memory chips allow more information to be stored
Thermal management solutions for electronics: novel carbon-based nanomaterials carry away heat generated by sensitive electronics

19. BATTERIES Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Higher energy storage capacity and quicker recharge: nanoparticles or nanotubes on electrodes provide high surface area and allow more current to flow
Longer life: nanoparticles on electrodes prevent electrolytes from degrading so batteries can be recharged over and over

20. SENSORS Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Higher sensitivity: high surface area of nanostructures that allows for easier detection of chemicals, biological toxins, radiation, disease, etc.
Miniaturization: nanoscale fabrication methods that can be used to make smaller sensors that can be hidden and integrated into various objects

21. The Materials Selection Process1.
Pick Application
Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative. 2.
Properties
Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition. 3.
Material
Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.