Chapter 7: The Rise of Europe King Clovis established one of many Germanic kingdoms that replaced the Roman empire in Western Europe. Explain what caused the decline of Western Europe and what it was like after the decline. – Fall of Rome caused it. – Political, social, and economic decline – Politically divided – Cut off from advanced civilizations of India and China and the Middle East. – Invaders – Trade nearly stopped

1. Who were the Germanic tribes? Explain how they governed their kingdoms. – Goths, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks. – Mostly farmers and herders. – No cities or written laws. – Kings elected by tribal councils. – Warriors swore loyalty to the king in exchange for weapons and a share in goods from conquered people. – Small communities and unwritten customs. – Clovis conquered Gaul and won support of his subjects and the pope by converting to Christianity. – Charles Martel rallied Frankish Warriors to stop the advance of Muslims into Western Europe at the Battle of Tours.

2. How did Charlemagne (Charles the Great) create and maintain a strong united empire. – Reunited much of the old western Roman empire by fighting Muslims in Spain and rival Germanic tribes. – Crowned Emperor of the Romans as payment for helping stop a rebellion against Pope Leo III. Outraged the eastern emperor who saw himself as the sole ruler of Rome. Deepened the split between East and West. (Stay tuned. More in Chapter 8.) – Spread Christianity to conquered peoples. – Appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions – Missi Dominici – Revived Latin Learning and encouraged creation of schools. (Palace School at Aachen)

3. Explain the Treaty of Verdun and describe the Invasions of Europe that took place after Charlemagne’s death. – Charlemagne’s sons battled for power and his grandsons drew up the Treaty of Verdun in 843 splitting the Empire in three. – Despite the Battle of Tours, Muslim invasions remained a threat until power struggles in the Middle East in the 900s. – Magyars threatened for about 50 years before being pushed back to Hungary. – Vikings ended the unity of Charlemagne’s empire as they invaded, looted, and burned European communities, and also settled in parts of Western Europe where they mixed with local populations.

4. Explain feudalism and create a graphic organizer that shows the relationship between Lords and Vassals – Kings and emperors too weak to maintain law and order. – Decentralized political and economic structure. – System of protection for homes and lands. – Mutual Obligation – Exchange of land (Fief), peasant labor and protection from Lords for loyalty and military service from Vassals established by a feudal contract. Lord Land (Fief), peasant labor, and protection Vassals Loyalty, and military service Feudal Contract Mutual Obligation

King Lords Lesser Lords (Vassals) Knights Artisans/Peasants/Serfs Mutual Obligation Land/Peasant Labor/Protection Loyalty/Military Service

5. Explain how warfare was central to life in the Middle Ages. What was the role of women? – Rival lords battled constantly for power. – Also fought invaders. – Gave rise to a class of warriors called knights. (Chivalry) – Led to the development of the castle. – “Lady of the Manor” took over duties while her husband or father was off fighting. – Some women took part in politics. (Eleanor of Aquitaine) – Women usually did not inherent land although they could. – Women were trained in spinning, weaving, and supervising servants. – Expected to bear many children and be dutiful to her husband.

6. Explain how the manor system worked. The heart of the feudal economy. Manors included one or more villages and the surrounding lands. Peasants and serfs (bound to the land) worked the land. Lords granted land to peasants in return for labor and certain fees. Lords provided protection. Peasant labor and artisans made the manors self-sufficient. Peasant worked from sun up to sun down, hunger and disease were common and few lived past 35.

Lord VassalPeasant - Fief (Land, buildings, and workers) - Protection -Loyalty -Military Service -Certain fees -Advice -Use of land for farming -Protection -Can’t force peasants off land -Money or crops as rent -Labor on lords land -Certain fees Feudalism Manor Economy (Manorialism)

7. What role did the church play in the daily lives of medieval Christians? – Rituals and faith were part off everyday life. – Priest was only contact people had with the church. – Priest celebrated mass and administered sacraments. (Leads to salvation) – Bible read in Latin only. – Offered assistance to sick and needy. – Ran schools. – Collected tithes. (10% of income) – Life revolved around the Christian Calendar. – Grand gothic style cathedrals (Buttresses).

8. In what ways were the churches attitudes toward women contradictory? Men and women equal before God. Mary as an ideal of a pure and faithful woman. Church protected women and fined men who injured their wives. Women viewed as weak and easily guided toward sin. Women needed the guidance of men. Women punished more harshly than men for similar misdeeds.

9. Describe monastic life according to the Benedictine Rule. – Three vows of monks and nuns. Poverty Chastity Obedience to Abbott or Abbess – Time spent worshipping, working, or studying. Cleared and drained land and experimented with crops. – Missionaries spread Christianity throughout Europe. – Copied Greek and Roman works. – Wrote and taught Latin. – Church withdrew nuns right to preach the gospel. – The church frowned on too much learning for women.

10. How did the church gain secular power? Popes expanded their role from spiritual leader to secular leader through Papal Supremacy. Church gained economic and political power from owning land. Churchmen in government positions. Church administered sacraments and could deny them as punishment. Canon Laws based on religious teachings governed many aspects of life. Violators of canon law could face excommunication or the interdict. Truce of God used to end warfare among nobles.

11. What led to the corruption of the clergy? Pious Christians left land and wealth to monasteries and convents. Monks and nuns began to ignore poverty vows. Ignored church responsibilities for family. Priesthood treated as a family inheritance.

12. Describe the reform movements that reversed corruption in the church. – Abbot Berno reformed the monastery of Cluny Revived Benedictine rules of obedience, poverty, and chastity. Refused to allow nobles or bishops to interfere in monastery affairs. Placed Cluny under protection of the Pope. – In 1073, Gregory VII insisted that choose church officials be chosen by the church. Outlawed marriage for priests. Prohibited simony, or selling of church positions. – Friars traveled around Europe preaching to the poor. St. Francis of Assisi founded Franciscans Dominic founded Dominican order of Friars

13. How did the status of Jews in Western Europe change over time? Jewish communities existed all across Europe. Muslim rulers in Spain were somewhat tolerant of Jews and Christians. – Officials in Muslim royal courts Spain became a center of Jewish culture. Served in royal courts of early German kings. Early rulers protected Jewish communities but taxed them heavily. As Europe became more christianized, prejudice against Jews increased. – Christians blamed Jews for disasters they did not understand. Thousands of Jews migrated to Eastern Europe.

14. What changes in technology led to an agricultural revolution? – Iron Plows. – Horse Collar allowed horses to plow fields faster than oxen. Enlarged fields and planted more crops – Reclaimed wasteland for crops. – Three - Field System of crop rotation. Legumes restored fertility to soil and provided protein. Left only 1/3 of land unplanted instead of 1/2. – Population tripled between 1000 and 1300.

15. Describe the causes and effects of the growth of cities. – Feudal warfare and foreign invasions declined leading to increased travel. – Crusaders brought luxury goods back to Europe from the Middle East creating increased demand among wealthy nobles leading to increased trade with the Middle East. – Traders formed merchant companies that traveled in armed caravans for safety. Hanseatic League took action against robbers, pirates, built lighthouses, and trained ships pilots. – Merchants waiting out winter near castles and towns led to the development of the first cities. – New towns asked kings for a Charter to protect their rights and privileges in exchange for a yearly fee. – Overcrowding of manors led to peasants buying freedom which led to a decline in serfdom.

16. Explain the new business practices that were part of the commercial revolution? – Capital stimulated the growth of banking houses. – Partnerships pooled their capital to invest in large- scale investments. – Insurance reduced business risk. – Europeans adopted the use of credit from Muslim merchants. Letters of Credit Bills of Exchange (Like Travelers Checks)

17. Describe the changes that were brought about by the new business practices of the commercial revolution. – The use of money undermined serfdom. – Lords needed cash for luxury goods. – Peasants became tenant farmers selling farm products for cash to pay rent. – Jews banned from other professions became moneylenders. Christian church banned lending at interest.

18. What role did Guilds play in the rise of a middle class. – Formed by merchants and artisans. – Dominated town life passing laws and levying taxes. – Made decisions on public works projects. – Provided social services. – Represented workers in each occupation. – Cooperated to protect their own interests. – Women could join guilds and become guild masters.

19. Describe the living conditions in medieval cities. – Protected by high, protective walls. – Overcrowding led to second and third story houses and shops. – Buildings overhanging narrow streets. – Fire was a constant threat. – Churches with steeples that could be seen for miles. – People of similar backgrounds surrounded the church. – No garbage collection or sewers. – Filthy, Smelly, Noisy, and Crowded – a perfect breeding ground for disease. Eeeewwwwwwwww!!!!!!