Sadaf Kator Joyce Chae Veronica Lugo

War by Act of Germany  Zimmerman note (March 1917)  Motives in fighting with Allies: Revolution and “overt” acts  Myth that America was dragged into war

Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned  Wilson glorifying his aims  America was so isolationist that they weren’t that enthusiastic about the war. They should fight the war “to make a world safe for democracy” as crusaders, comparing their motives with the selfish motives for land and money. Key was his idealism. Succeeded

Wilson’s 14 Potent Points  Delivered 14 Points Address on Jan 1918  First 5 points: (1) Abolish secret treaties, (2) Freedom of the seas, (3) Removal of economic barriers, (4) Reduction of armament burdens, (5) Adjustment of colonial claims in interests of both colony and colonizers

Creel Manipulates Minds  Committee on Public Information, George Creel  Job was to sell America on the war. Sent thousands of “four-minute men” to give speeches. Succeeded in pamphlets, anti-German movies, posters. Only downfall: made the people expect too much, becoming

Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent  Anti-German sentiment in orchestras, food libraries. Hamburger “liberty steak”  Espoinage Act of 1917, Sedition Act of  Schenck v. United States (1919)  Question of whether this bent the 1 st Amendment,

Nation’s Factories Go to War  Nation unfit to go to war. Unorganized, unprepared  Wilson began getting ready in  Ex. Council of national Defense to mobilize economics  Launched shipbuilding program and beefed up army  Obstacles in mobilizing economy  Ignorance (How much resources can we gather?)  Fears of big government control  American preference for laissez-faire  1918 Bernard Baruch appointed over War Industries Board

Workers in Wartime  War Department’s “work or fight” rule of 1918  National War Labor: headed off labor disputes that might hamper war effort  Stopped short of supporting labor’s most important demand: a government O.K on the right to organize unions  Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), “Wobblies”  Samuel Gomper’s American Federation of Labor (AF of L)  Right to organize unions and inflation  Steel Strike (1919)  Steelworkers walked off jobs to force the recognition of the right to organize unions  Effects  Black migration to North

Suffering Until Suffrage  Women flooding into factory and field jobs for men  Voiced opinions be supporting war  Wilson so impressed by their efforts that he endorsed it. This caused states to start ratifying women’s suffrage until…  19 th Amendment (1920)  Not much changed, Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act (1921)

Forging a War Economy  Food Administration, headed by Herbert Hoover.  Depended on voluntary compliance rather than commands  Ways of mobilizing people  Propaganda campaign with posters, billboards  Wheatless Wednesdays, meatless Tuesdays  “Victory gardens”  “Heatless Mondays” “gasless Sundays”, huge parades to promote loan drives  Succeeded in funding $21 bill  18 th Amendment (1919)  Prohibited alcohol drinks  Helped send foodstuffs to armies by not producing alcohol  Prohibition and anti-German movement (since many Germans were leading alcohol brewers)  Pressure to sell bonds  Signs of government exercising sovereign power

Making Plowboys into Doughboys  Conscription needed  Europe was running out of forces.  No “draft dodger” could purchase exemption or substitute. Hardly trained, only strength was in numbers (4 million), African Americans in segregated units while women served for the 1 st time Fighting in France – Belatedly  Bolshevik Russia withdraws from the war (1918), letting Germans focus all their power on western front  First American doughboys came late in fighting; didn’t even fight, just were replacements

American Helps Hammer the Hun  German forces in western front so great that Allied nations united under French Foch for the first time  Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)  Second Battle of the Marne (1918)  General John (“Jack Black”) Pershing

The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany  German surrender (Nov. 1918). Armistice in turn for the Kaiser  Am. fought only 2 main battles: St. Miniel and Meuse-Argonne, both towards the end of the war  Am. quantity over quality  Large numbers of men was main factor for German surrender. Wilson Steps Down From Olympus  Wilson’s appeal for Democratic victory  Wilson himself goes to Paris  Angered Republicans, especially Henry Lodge, the only Republican senator. Animosity An Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris  Paris Peace Conference (Jan. 18, 1919)  Inner clique, Big Four: Wilson, Vittorio Orlando (Italy), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France)  Terms: Allies take no land, but receive it as trustees of League of Nations.

Hammering Out the Treaty  Senate didn’t approve of the League of Nations  Clemenceau’s demands Security Treaty  In turn for dropping Rhineland, France got this where both Britain and Am. pledged to come to its aid if Germans attacked again  Italy’s demand for Fiume, a valuable seaport  Wilson insisted that it go to Yugoslavia. This failed and Italy left mad and empty-handed  Japan’s demand for China’s Shandong  Wilson opposed this but Japan threatened to walk out. Wilson in turn gave Shandong if they gave it back later in the future. China was very mad Peace Treaty that Bred a New War  Treaty of Versailles (1919)  14 Points were barely there because Allies forces wanted too many benefits. Seemed more like a revenge treaty

Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)  Senator Lodge’s “Republicanization” of treaty  Instead of defeating the treaty, tried to make to divide public opinion  Wilson’s speechmaking tour  He collapsed from exhaustion Defeat through Deadlock  League’s Article X: morally bound US to aid any member victimized  Congress wanted the right to declare war  Lodge’s 14 Formal Reservations  Sought to protect American sovereignty  Wilson urged people to vote against it  Didn’t pass. Senate couldn’t accept both the treaty and the 14 points, so the technically, the US didn’t recognize the treaty

“Solemn Referendum” of 1920  Wilson promises to settle issue in election of 1920 through “solemn referendum”  SR=belief that the future of League of Nations should be in the hands of people  Election of 1920: Warren G. Harding, v.p Calvin Coolige (Repub) VS. James Cox, v.p FDR (Dem.)  Repub: teeter totter between pro-League and anti_league sentiment  Dem: Harding wanted A League, not THE League  Harding won  Betrayal of Great Expectations  Germany begins to rearm illegally  Americans hurt their own cause by letting all of Wilson’s efforts collapse (EX. Senate spurned Security Treaty with France)  Own interest caused downhill path to WWII

The Roaring 20’s  Americans want to be isolated. (Restricted immigration, economically isolated)  Incomes/Living Standards rose Communists (RED SCARE)  labor disputes, labor strikes, unions etc. = Communists??  Employers/Conservatism Businessmen favored the “closed shop”=no union workers idea  Attorney General Palmer’s “The Fighting Quaker” anit-commi persecutions  An unexplained bomb blew up on Wall Street. In 1919 suspected Bolsheviks were deported to Russia on the Buford. (anti-Commi sentiments went up)  State Legislatures passed Criminal Syndicalism Laws = illegal to advocate violence in favor of social change. Critics cry out with “free speech” argument.  Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti execution

The KKK in the mid 20’s  They were more like the 1850s nativists rather than the 1860s anti blacks KKK group.  They were super traditional Protestant, Anglo-Saxon conservatist white people who hated everything foreign: Jews, Commis, Catholics, Blacks, revolutions, internationalism, bootlegging, and birth control etc.  Popular in the Bible Belt and Midwest. Its peak was during the mid 20s.  leaders were caught embezzling money and people left the KKK

Controlling Immigration and the Melting Pot  Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 that only allowed 3% of a certain nationality (during 1910) to come to the U.S. It favored S/E Euro immigrants.  The Immigration Act of 1924 only allowed 2% to come to the U.S. (during 1890) and it heavily favored N/W Euro immigrants.  excluded all Japanese  ended unrestricted immigration  Latin Am. and Canada were exempt from Immig. Acts – “friendly neighbors”  Immigrants failed to form unions (language barriers) but had ethnic enclaves  Horace Kallen – multicultural America and preserve cultural uniqueness  Randolph Bourne – “cross fertilization”

Prohibition aka “The Nobel Experiment”  It was one of the last reform movements of the Progressive Era and was made the 18 th amendment in  It was popular in the South and in the West  Immigrants in big cities hated it  “home brew” “moonshine” home made beer sometimes poisonous  Speakeasies  American relations with Canada and the West Indies strained (they smuggled alcohol)  Bank savings increased and people went to work almost every day.  Few government enforces and many were bribed

Gangsters  Strong in Immigrant communities  very few arrests and convictions  Al Capone and Chicago  Valentines Day Massacre  gangs got more money than the feds  The Lindbergh Law Scopes Trial (Darwin Theory)  Professor John Dewey  The Bible Belt South  Fundamentalists – religion > Darwin  In Tennessee the “Monkey Trial”  Hollow victory for Fundamentalists  Many people blended religion and science

The Mass Consumption Economy  There was a small recession between , but afterwards there was unlimited prosperity.  Sports -Babe Ruth baseball  Buying on credit The Automobile  It was the MVP invention of the era.  Henry Ford and the Model T/assembly line production made cars affordable  Cars created many jobs and services –highways, inns, garages etc.  Cars also promoted the increase of rubber, glass and steel production, petroleum especially.  called “a house of prostitution on wheels”

Airplanes  The Wright Brothers  Airmail was introduced in  1927 Charles Lindberg- famous  a new weapon of war and took Rail Road business Radios  The earliest radio programs were local (radios= expensive)  The radios kept families together whereas the automobile took them away from home.

Movies  “nickelodeons”= nickel movies.  Hollywood =movie center of the world  WW1 movies anti Kaiser propaganda  1927 the first talkie The Jazz Singer  Movies helped standardize language and the assimilation of immigrants into American culture.

The Dynamic Decade  For the first time ever there were more people in the cities than the country.  Margaret Sanger – pro birth control  Alice Paul’s National Woman’s Party and the ERA  Flappers and sexualized advertisements  Dr. Sigmund Freud – sex=healthy used as an excuse by people for their actions  Jazz artists (Joe King Oliver)  Marcus Garvey and the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Cultural Liberation  After WW1, writers were more diverse  F. Scott Fitzgerald – THE GREAT GATSBY  Ernest Hemingway  Robert Frost, e.e. cummings  The Harlem Renaissance  the “New Negro” =a black man who was socially equal to whites and had full rights  Architecture changes (Empire State Building)

Wall Street/Big Bull Market  Many banks failed  The stock market was selling stocks on margins=small down payments  Bureau of Budget created – help President manage the annual budget  Secretary of Treasury Mellon had tax reductions for the rich  Tax burden on the middle class  Mellon reduced the national debt but could have done more – the country was super rich

Warren Harding- Administration  The good:  Charles Evans Hughes becomes Secretary of State  Andrew Mellon, Secretary of Treasury  Herbert Hoover was Secretary of Commerce  The bad:  Albert Fall as Secretary of Interior  Harry Daugherty was Attorney General

Republican Economic Policies  “Old” laissez-faire: Government does NOT regulate economy at all  “New” laissez-faire: government helps businesses make profits  1920s sees an end to Progressive legislation, including the Supreme Court  Adkins v. Children’s Hospital:  Reversed Mueller v. Oregon, women no longer protected by special legislation  Cited 19 th Amendment

Effect of WWI on Labor  Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920:  Labor unions and strikers were seen as “dangerous Reds”  Union membership declines by 30% between 1920 and 1930  Veteran's Bureau:  Operated hospital and provided benefits to disabled

 Five Power Naval Treaty:  US and Britain do not fortify Far East possessions  No restrictions on small warships  Kellogg-Briand Pact: (Pact of Paris)  Made wars illegal, except for defensive wars; not enforceable  Teapot Dome Scandal:  Secretary of Interior Fall transferred land to his department, leased land to oil companies, and took $100,000s in bribes

Effects of Raising the Tariffs  Tariffs were raised to high prices to keep American products selling  Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:  Raised rates to 38.5%  High tariffs in US encouraged high tariffs in Europe, a problem in years to come

“Silent Cal” Coolidge  Took a large “hands off” approach; desired lower taxes and debts  “Trickle-down economics”  Secretary of Treasury Mellon

Farmers and their problems in 1920  Farmers lose $  US government and foreign nations purchasing less goods  Steel Mule allowed for large amounts of cultivation in less time  Increases production  More production = higher supply  Higher supply = lower prices  Lower prices = bad for the farmers  Capper-Volstead Act  Exempted farmers’ marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution

Foreign-Policy  US reverts to isolationism in the world, except in Latin America  Intervened in Caribbean and Central America  America goes from being debtor prior to and during WWI to leading creditor  Loaned $10 billion to European countries in 1920s  Dawes Plan of 1924  Rescheduled German reparation loans  US banks loaned $ to Germany, pays Britain and France, pays loans back to US Treasury  Simply a circle of $ - ends with stock market crash of 1929

The Triumph of HH, 1928  Republicans: “Hoo but Hoover?” – Coolidge does not run again  Democrats: Alfred Smith -> Roman Catholic  Hoover preached “Rugged individualism”  Belief that individuals can succeed on hard work and dedication  Self-made millionaire  “A vote for Al Smith is a vote for the Pope”

 Federal Farm Board  Helped farmers buy, sell, and store agricultural supplies  Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930  Designed to assist farmers  Becomes the highest protective tariff in nation’s peacetime history  “Economic warfare” on other nations  Other nations, in turn, create high tariffs on US products

Effects of the crash of the stock market…  Speculative bubble got too big  “Black Tuesday” October 29, 1929  By end of 1929, $40 billion was lost  By end of 1930, 4 million were jobless, by 1932, 12 million  The economic system was broken, not necessarily individual initiative

 Causes of Depression:  Overproduction by farmers and factories  Consumption of goods decreased  Uneven distribution of wealth: not enough money going into wages and salaries of workers  Overexpansion of credit  Hawley-Smoot tariff discouraged trade, which made depression worse  Unusual drought in Mississippi Valley  Norris – La Guardia Act  Outlawed “yellow dog” contracts and forbade federal courts from interfering with strikes, boycotts, etc.

 WWI Veterans were hit hard during Depression  “Bonus Expeditionary Force” (BEF)  Descends upon D.C. in hopes of receiving their bonuses  Set up “Hoovervilles”  Hoover ordered army (led by MacArthur) to break up “Bonus Army”  Bonus Army eventually leaves, taints Hoover even more

 Japan, in need of natural resources (oil and rubber) invade China, and do so brutally (Rape of Nanjing)  Stimson Doctrine (1932)  US would not recognize any territory gained by force  US and other countries do not stand up to Japan